Histogenesis of the islets of Langerhans in insulin-treated chick embryos

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kalliecharan ◽  
M. A. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Alpha Cells ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Initial Delay

Chick embryos were exposed to a teratogenic dose of insulin at the 6-day incubation stage and the effect of this treatment on the histogenesis of the islets of Langerhans was studied throughout the incubation period. The exogenous insulin caused an initial delay in the differentiation of the beta islets and in the elaboration of the endogenous insulin. During the final prehatching stages, the endogenous insulin appeared to be elaborated more rapidly than in the control tissues. The insulin treatment caused an increased activity of the alpha cells and an increased production of glucagon. Histochemically, the ribonucleic acid content of both alpha and beta cells was reduced, especially during the early stages of development. Also, there was an initial increase in glycogen storage and alkaline phosphatase activity within the alpha cells. The beta islets in the insulin-treated tissues, except for the initial delay in their development, showed no significant differences in the glycogen and alkaline phosphatase patterns from the control.

A histochemical study of the developing tibiotarsus in Malathion-treated chick embryos

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1293-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ho ◽  
M. A. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Cartilage Matrix ◽  
Chick Embryos

Chick embryos were exposed to a teratogenic dose of Malathion at 5 days of incubation. The treated tibiotarsi developed micromelia, an asymmetrical deposition of bone spicules, and sites of reduced matrix within the cartilage model. The major histochemical differences occurred in the areas of reduced cartilage matrix. These included a reduction in sulfated mucopolysaccharide and ribonucleic acid content and an increased glycogen storage. Calcification was more extensive in the treated tissues and premature centers of mineralization appeared within the epiphyses. Alkaline phosphatase was associated with sites of ossification and calcification and was, therefore, more extensively distributed in the treated tissues.

Insulin treatment, endogenous insulin concentration, and ECG abnormalities in diabetic Pima Indians. Cross-sectional and prospective analyses

Diabetes ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1141-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Z. Liu ◽  
W. C. Knowler ◽  
R. G. Nelson ◽  
M. F. Saad ◽  
M. A. Charles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Pima Indians ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Ecg Abnormalities ◽  
Prospective Analyses

THE EFFECTS OF SOME DIETARY DERIVED LIPIDS AND FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS ON RAT SERUM TRIBUTYRINASE AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-313
Author(s):  
Jack D. Taylor ◽  
Neil B. Madsen ◽  
Jules Tuba
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
Increased Activity

Synthetic diets were fed to adult rats for four weeks to determine the effects of dietary stearic acid, oleic acid, glycerol, Crisco, and vitamins, A, D, and E on the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase and serum tributyrinase. On a diet devoid of fats or fatty acids, the rats manifested abnormally low enzyme levels, which for serum alkaline phosphatase fell to values characteristic of starvation. Basal levels of the two enzymes, obtained with a fat free diet, were not altered by the ingestion of glycerol or vitamins A, D, and E. Dietary stearic acid, oleic acid, and Crisco, each significantly increased activity of phosphatase and tributyrinase and it would appear that both enzymes are concerned with intestinal absorption of fatty acids. The effect of oleic acid was most pronounced with both enzymes. The rats all gained weight during the tests so none of the variations in enzyme levels can be attributed to inanition. After the dietary test periods, all groups were starved for one week. Serum phosphatase values fell to the same constant low levels for all animals. Tributyrinase values rose towards levels which suggest that the enzyme is concerned with mobilization of depot fats during periods of fasting.

scholarly journals Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 at Diagnosis and during Subsequent Years in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona I. Chisalita ◽  
J. Ludvigsson
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Insulin Dose ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
High Hba1c

Background. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in adolescents is associated with alterations in the insulin-like factor system probably caused both by a deranged metabolism and insulinopenia in the portal vein. Objective. To study how the circulating IGF-1 is affected at diagnosis and during subsequent years in adolescents with T1D. Methods. Ten girls and ten boys with type 1 diabetes (T1D), aged 13.0 ± 1.4 (mean ± SD) years at diagnosis, took part in the study. Blood samples were drawn at diagnosis and after 3, 9, 18, and 48 months. HbA1c, total IGF-1, and C-peptide were measured. Results. At diagnosis, the patients had high HbA1c, low IGF-1, and measurable C-peptide. After the start of insulin treatment, maximal improvement in glycemic control and IGF-1 occurred within 3 months and then both tended to deteriorate, that is, HbA1c to increase and IGF-1 to decrease. C-peptide decreased with time, and after 4 years, half of the patients were C-peptide negative. At diagnosis, C-peptide correlated positively to IGF-1 (r=0.50; p<0.03). C-peptide correlated negatively with insulin dose (U/kg) after 18 and 48 months from diagnosis (r=−0.48; p<0.03 and r=−0.72; p<0.001, resp.). Conclusions. In conclusion, our results show that in newly diagnosed adolescents with type 1 diabetes and deranged metabolism, the IGF-1 level is low and rapidly improves with insulin treatment but later tends to decrease concomitantly with declining endogenous insulin secretion.

Transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy and early childhood: clinical and biochemical features of 21 cases and literature review.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Stein ◽  
S B Rosalki ◽  
A Y Foo ◽  
M Hjelm
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Bone Disease ◽  
Reference Limit ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes ◽  
Upper Reference Limit ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Biochemical Features

Abstract Clinical and biochemical features of transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy and early childhood are reviewed in 21 patients we have studied and in a further 93 cases reported in the literature. The diagnosis is suggested by the finding of an increased activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) in plasma, typically more than fivefold the adult upper reference limit, in a child under five years of age, without evidence of liver or bone disease. The condition is confirmed by the presence of a characteristic pattern of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and by the normalization of the enzyme's activity in plasma within approximately three months. The etiology of the condition and possible mechanisms of the enzyme increase are discussed.

scholarly journals Vasopressin-stimulated Ca2+ influx in rat hepatocytes is inhibited in high-K+ medium

1989 ◽  
Vol 260 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Savage ◽  
M Biffen ◽  
B R Martin
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Plasma Membrane Potential ◽  
Control Value ◽  
High K ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Ca2 Channels

We examined the effects of K+ substitution for Na+ on the response of hepatocytes to vasopressin, and on the hepatocyte plasma-membrane potential. (1) High K+ (114 mM) had no effect on the initial increase in phosphorylase a activity in response to vasopressin, but abolished the ability of the hormone to maintain increased activity beyond 10 min. With increasing concentrations a decrease in the vasopressin response was first observed at 30-50 mM-K+. (2) High K+ (114 mM) had no effect on basal 45Ca2+ influx, but abolished the ability of vasopressin to stimulate influx. This effect was also first observed at a concentration of 30-50 mM-K+. (3) Increasing K+ had little effect on the plasma-membrane potential until a concentration of 40 mM was reached. With further increases in concentration the plasma membrane was progressively depolarized. (4) Replacement of Na+ with N-methyl-D-glucamine+ depolarized the plasma membrane to a much smaller extent than did replacement with K+, and was also much less effective in inhibiting the vasopressin response. (5) The plasma-membrane potential was restored to near the control value by resuspending cells in normal-K+ medium after exposure to high-K+ medium. The effects of vasopressin on phosphorylase activity were also restored. (6) We conclude that the Ca2+ channels responsible for vasopressin-stimulated Ca2+ influx are closed by depolarization of the plasma membrane.

scholarly journals A postmortem histological study on the alpha and beta cells of the islets of Langerhans

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Sunjida Shahriah ◽  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
Gul Newaz Begum ◽  
Khandaker Abu Rayhan ◽  
Hosna Ara Perven
Keyword(s):  
Beta Cells ◽  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
The Body ◽  
Islet Of Langerhans ◽  
Human Pancreas ◽  
Alpha Cells ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Group A ◽  
Head Of The Pancreas ◽  
The Mean

A cross-sectional, descriptive type of study was done was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from August 2005 to December 2006, based on collection of 75 postmortem male human pancreas, to determine the number of alpha and beta cells per islet of Langerhans in different parts of the pancreas with advancing age. The collected samples were divided into seven age groups, i.e. A (10-19 years), B (20-29 years), C (30-39 years), D (40-49 years), E (50-59 years), F (60-69 years) and G (?70 years), for convenient description of their various age related changes. Histological slides were prepared by using Gomori’s chromium haematoxylin phloxine stain. The number of alpha and beta cells per islet of Langerhans was measured by point counting technique on a grid square drawn by Visio basic 2000 software with high magnification under the compound light microscope. The mean number of alpha cells per islet in the head of the pancreas were 17.60±2.51, 21.40±2.07, 27.40±3.13, 20.80±2.59, 15.40±2.51, 14.60±3.58 and 11.40±1.67; in the body of the pancreas were found 24.60±1.67, 31.40±2.60, 40.00±2.45, 26.80±2.05, 22.60±2.51, 19.20±2.68 and 20.00±2.45; in the tail region were 37.80±4.09, 42.20±4.82, 53.20±2.94, 55.60±6.69, 43.60±6.69, 39.20±8.01 and 35.60±1.34 in group A, B, C, D, E, F and G respectively. The mean number of beta cells per islet in the head of the pancreas were 32.60±2.51, 36.40±2.07, 42.40±3.13, 35.80±2.59, 30.40±2.51, 29.60±3.58 and 26.40±1.67; in the body of 141 the pancreas were found 39.60±1.67, 46.40±2.07, 55.00±2.45, 41.80±2.05, 37.60±2.51, 34.20±2.68 and 35.00±2.45; in the tail region were 52.80±4.09, 57.20±4.82, 68.20±2.94, 69.50±6.58, 70.60±6.69, 58.20±8.01 and 50.60±1.34 in group A, B, C, D, E, F and G respectively. In the present study, the number of alpha cells of islets of Langerhans gradually increased up to the 4th decade of life in head and body of the pancreas and up to the 5th decade in the tail region, later it decreased. Besides, the number of beta cells gradually increased up to the 4th decade of life in head and body of the pancreas and up to the 6th decade in the tail region, then decreased. Here, females were excluded due to less availability of the female cadaveric pancreas during study period.Bangladesh Med J. 2014 Sep; 43 (3): 141-145

The dependence of duodenal differentiation in chick embryos on pars distalis hormones

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-355
Author(s):  
F. T. Bellware ◽  
T. W. Betz
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Mitotic Figures ◽  
Cytoplasmic Glycogen

Duodenal differentiation in normal chick embryos between 15·75 and 20·5 days of incubation was characterized by the following changes: 1. The dry weight increases from 4·1 to 12·4 mg. 2. The alkaline phosphatase activity increases from less than 12 to 426 units. 3. The length of the villi increases sixfold. 4. The height of the epithelial cells at the villous tips increases from 12·9 to 25·9 μ. 5. The shape of the mucosal cells changes from low columnar, to cuboidal, to high columnar. 6. The shape of the nuclei progresses from round to ovoid. 7. At first mitotic figures are distributed throughout the epithelium but become restricted to the crypts of Lieberkühn. 8. Cytoplasmic glycogen appears by day 15·75 and is mobilized by 20·5 days. 9. A mucopolysaccharide at the brush border of the mucosal cells progressively appears at 16·75 days and increases in amount. 10. Alkaline phosphatase activity (Gomori technique) at the brush border appears in low levels at 16·75 days and becomes more intense. 11. Fresh body weights and third toe lengths at 19·75 and 20·5 days of incubation were recorded as indices of body growth. In ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos at 19·75–21·5 days of age: 12. The level of duodenal differentiation approximated that of normal 16·75–17·75 day embryos. 13. In ‘phypophysectomized’ embryos which received a pars distalis chorioallantoic homograft at 9·5 days of incubation the duodena were normal. 14. In ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos with grafts which became atrophic the level of duodenal differentiation was not different from that of untreated ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos. 15. In chick embryos duodenal differentiation depends on pars distalis hormones.

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