scholarly journals Observations on parasite–host relationships of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, in North Dakota

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1317-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Rausch ◽  
S. H. Richards
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Microtus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Important Intermediate ◽  
Host Relationships

Red foxes, Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus), and small mammals were collected and examined during 1965–69, to investigate parasite–host relationships of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, in North Dakota. Comparative studies of this cestode were carried on concurrently through experimental infection of carnivores and rodents. In winter, red foxes in North Dakota exhibited high rates of infection of comparatively low intensity. Deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner), and voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), were important intermediate hosts, but the larvae in deer mice produced fewer protoscolices. The strains of E. multilocularis from North Dakota and from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, differ biologically, as indicated by findings in experimentally infected rodents, but they could not be distinguished morphologically at the infraspecific level. Helminths recorded from red foxes in North Dakota are listed, and some ecological data are presented and discussed.

Establishment of a European-type strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in Canadian wildlife

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1133-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. GESY ◽  
J. E. HILL ◽  
H. SCHWANTJE ◽  
S. LICCIOLI ◽  
E. J. JENKINS
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microtus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Alveolar Hydatid Disease ◽  
Canadian Wildlife ◽  
Forested Region ◽  
Local Transmission

SUMMARYIn 2009, a haplotype closely related to European strains of Echinococcus multilocularis was detected in a dog from the Quesnel region of British Columbia, Canada. We now report the establishment of this same haplotype in 7 coyotes (Canis latrans) trapped within 40 km of Quesnel, BC. In addition, 3 coyotes and 1 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) harboured adult cestodes morphologically compatible with that of E. multilocularis (overall prevalence 33% in 33 carnivores). None of 156 potential intermediate hosts, including 131 representatives of two highly suitable rodent species, Peromyscus maniculatus and Microtus pennsylvanicus, trapped from a region 120–210 km south of Quesnel were infected. This report confirms the establishment and local transmission of a European-type strain of E. multilocularis (the causative agent of human alveolar hydatid disease), in wildlife in a forested region of North America where this cestode had not been previously detected, with significance for public and animal health.

scholarly journals Infectivity of gastropod-shed third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis to dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Robbins ◽  
Gary Conboy ◽  
Spencer Greenwood ◽  
Roland Schaper
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Crenosoma Vulpis ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Limax Maximus

Abstract Background Metastrongyloid parasites Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis infect wild and domestic canids and are important pathogens in dogs. Recent studies indicate that gastropod intermediate hosts infected with various metastrongyloids spontaneously shed infective third-stage larvae (L3) into the environment via feces and mucus under laboratory conditions. Shed L3 retain motility up to 120 days, but whether they retain infectivity was unknown. Methods To assess the infectivity of shed L3, the heart/lungs of six red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were obtained from trappers in Newfoundland, Canada. Lungs were examined for first-stage larvae (L1) by the Baermann technique. A high number of viable A. vasorum L1 and a low number of C. vulpis L1 were recovered from one fox; these were used to infect naïve laboratory-raised Limax maximus. L3 recovered from slugs by artificial digestion were fed to two naïve purpose-bred research beagles (100 L3/dog). L1 shed by these two dogs was used to infect 546 L. maximus (2000–10,000 L1/slug). L3 shedding was induced by anesthetizing slugs in soda water and transferring them into warm (45 °C) tap water for at least 8 h. Shed L3 recovered from slugs were aliquoted on romaine lettuce in six-well tissue culture plates (80–500 L3/well) and stored at 16 °C/75% relative humidity. Four naïve research beagles were then exposed to 100 L3/dog from larvae stored for 0, 2, 4, or 8 weeks, respectively, after shedding. Results All four dogs began shedding C. vulpis L1 by 26–36 days post-infection (PI). All four dogs began shedding A. vasorum L1 by 50 days PI. Conclusions L3 infectivity for the definitive host was retained in both metastrongyloids, indicating the potential for natural infection in dogs through exposure from environmental contamination. As an additional exposure route, eating or licking plant or other material(s) contaminated with metastrongyloid L3 could dramatically increase the number of dogs at risk of infection from these parasites. Graphic Abstract

Potential remedy against Echinococcus multilocularis in wild red foxes using baits with anthelmintic distributed around fox breeding dens in Hokkaido, Japan

Parasitology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. TSUKADA ◽  
K. HAMAZAKI ◽  
S. GANZORIG ◽  
T. IWAKI ◽  
K. KONNO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Clethrionomys Rufocanus ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Potential Remedy ◽  
Patent Infection

The effect of bait-delivered anthelmintic to reduce the prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in wild red foxes was evaluated in Koshimizu, in the eastern part of Hokkaido, Japan. The study area (200 km2) was divided into baited and non-baited sections. The anthelmintic baits were distributed around fox den sites in the baited section every month for 13 months. After 1 year of the anthelmintic bait distribution, the prevalence of E. multilocularis in foxes, evaluated either by the parasite egg examination (from 27.1 to 5.6%) or coproantigen ELISA (from 59.6 to 29.7%), decreased in the baited section contrasting to that in the non-baited section (parasite egg: from 18.8 to 24.2%; ELISA: from 41.9 to 45.8%). The prevalence of E. multilocularis in grey red-backed vole Clethrionomys rufocanus, caught around fox dens, born after bait distribution also decreased and was significantly lower than that in non-baited section. However, within the study periods, the coproantigen-positive rate in fox faeces sporadically increased, while egg-positive rate constantly decreased. Since coproantigen ELISA can detect pre-patent infection, this observation indicates that reinfection pressure in the baited section was still high even after the 13 months of anthelmintic bait distribution. Therefore, the bait distribution longer than our study period is required for the efficient control of E. multilocularis in wild red fox population.

Reduced egg production of Echinococcus multilocularis in experimentally infected and re-infected red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

2008 ◽  
Vol 155 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nafi Solaiman Al-Sabi ◽  
Christian M.O. Kapel ◽  
Pia Webster ◽  
Peter Deplazes
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Red Foxes

Simple modification to improve reliability of copro-DNA examinations for diagnosing Echinococcus multilocularis infections in red foxes

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Irie ◽  
T. Ito ◽  
H. Kouguchi ◽  
K. Uraguchi
Keyword(s):  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Pcr Inhibitors ◽  
Examination Technique ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Infection Pressure

Abstract Epidemiological studies of Echinococcus multilocularis infections in definitive hosts require a reliable and economic diagnostic method. In this study, the current copro-DNA examination technique was modified by increasing the faecal amounts tested and adding a step to neutralize the faeces before DNA extraction. Reliability of the modified method was evaluated using rectal faecal samples from red foxes and comparing them with intestinal worms detected using the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) following necropsy. The modified copro-DNA examination method demonstrated 93.9% sensitivity (138/147) on the SCT. Its detectability increased depending on the worm burden, and the sensitivity was 100% in cases harbouring over 1000 worms. From 111 SCT-negative cases, six (5.4%) were copro-DNA-positive, and all were confirmed as E. multilocularis via sequencing analysis. Five of the remaining 105 SCT-negative cases (4.8%) retained polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors in the extracted solution, suggesting that approximately 5% of the red fox faeces retained these inhibitors after treatment with the present copro-DNA extraction method. Although further evaluation is needed for faeces deposited in the wild, the present copro-DNA examination technique will help monitor the E. multilocularis prevalence in definitive hosts. When used for detailed evaluations of endemicity (e.g. changes in infection pressure or spread in non-endemic areas), the absence of PCR inhibitors should be confirmed, and multiple trials on faecal subsamples are recommended.

scholarly journals Occurence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in southern Poland

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Borecka ◽  
J. Gawor ◽  
M. Malczewska ◽  
A. Malczewski
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Regular Screening ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

AbstractThe prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in 214 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the southern part of Poland (Małopolskie voivodship) was evaluated post mortem in 2005. Infected foxes were found in 8 districts within 17 examined, with the prevalence from 10.0 % to 63.9 % (a mean 20.1 % in the whole study area). The highest prevalence (41.2 % and 63.9 %) was revealed in two districts, in the south and the east of the province, respectively. The high prevalence of E. multilocularis in red foxes in the region previously recognised as that of low parasite endemicity provides evidence for the need of regular screening of the current epidemiological situation in foxes as well as the monitoring of humans from risk groups for early recognition of possible AE cases.

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