Studies on two populations of Ixodes kingi Bishopp (Ixodidae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gregson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Tick Size ◽  
Pocket Gophers ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
Two Populations

Studies on tick size, distribution, and hosts are made of two populations of Ixodes kingi Bishopp, the individuals of which appear to differ only in size. In Canada large specimens were collected only in Alberta and mainly from carnivores and ground squirrels, while small specimens were found only in British Columbia and mostly on pocket gophers and mice but occasionally on weasels. A study of available United States material revealed a similar pattern, the two populations being separated by the Rocky Mountains and the Wasatch Range, but each containing a scattered few specimens of intermediate size. It was shown that individuals of the two populations will interbreed and yield viable F2 larvae. It is suggested that the species is in a state of evolutionary divergence northwards.

Effect of climatic conditions on the annual activity and hibernation cycle of Richardson's ground squirrels and Columbian ground squirrels

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail R. Michener
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Annual Activity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Columbian Ground Squirrels ◽  
Spring Emergence ◽  
Species Ecology

In 1975 and 1976 the times of spring emergence, breeding, and entry into hibernation were compared for Spermophilus richardsonii and S. columbianus in an area of sympatry in the foothills of the southern Alberta Rocky Mountains. Both species emerged earlier in 1976, which had a warmer than normal spring, than in 1975, which had a cooler than normal spring. In both years S. richardsonii emerged earlier than S. columbianus and remained active longer. Juvenile S. richardsonii entered hibernation when 17–20 weeks old whereas juvenile S. columbianus were 10–11 weeks old. Yearling S. richardsonii bred, whereas yearling S. columbianus did not. Breeding success affected the time of entry into hibernation but not the time of emergence from hibernation in the next spring. A possible relationship between the periodic arousals during hibernation and the emergence pattern of squirrels in spring is discussed. The significance of flexibility of spring emergence, length of the active season, and age at breeding to survival and species ecology is considered.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Glaciers in the Rocky Mountains of the United States

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (79) ◽  
pp. 325-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Graf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains

AbstractEvidence from aerial photographs, maps, and field checks indicates that 319 glaciers lie in cirques of the Rocky Mountains, south of the United States-Canadian border. On a subcontinental scale, the distribution of glaciers is highly clustered, with larger and denser clusters located in the northern Rocky Mountains. Lesser concentrations of small glaciers occur in the southern Rocky Mountains. The total area of glaciers in the Rocky Mountains of the U.S.A. is 78.9 km2.

scholarly journals Efficacy of IGI® Carbon Dioxide Gas to Kill Ground Squirrels and Pocket Gophers in Underground Burrows

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
William, A. Donahue ◽  
Michael , W. Donahue ◽  
Bret , E. Vinson ◽  
M. , Bernadette Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Pocket Gophers ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas

scholarly journals Nebulizer – In vitro Bioequivalence testing requirements: A review

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Shubham Prajapati ◽  
Sanjay Saha ◽  
B Shambulingappa ◽  
Dilip Kumar Ch. ◽  
Bikash Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Substance ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Radiological Health

Generic Nebulized aerosol is often perceived as inferior to their branded counterparts; however, they are safe and effective if they can meet the regulatory requirements. International regulatory agencies have developed recommendations and guidance for bioequivalence approaches of orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs) for local action. The objective of this article is to discuss the approaches can be used for to show bioequivalence requirement for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States of America (USA) with reference product. This review endorsed that inhalation solutions and suspensions undertaken to determine the drug substance delivery rate, total drug substance delivered and Aerodynamic assessment of nebulized aerosols [aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD)/droplet size distribution (DSD)].These are the most important parameters in characterization, evaluation and bioequivalence studies of nebulizers. These devices operate continuously; once loaded and require little or no co-ordination on the part of user they proved that these devices suitable for weak, pediatric or geriatric patients. The regulatory agencies declared that; there is no specific requirements testing in case of nebulizers like Metered dose inhalers (MDI) and Dry powder inhalers (DPIs). In United States of America (USA) regulation falls under the auspices of centre for devices and radiological health (CDRH), and new devices require 510(k) premarket notification. This review outlines all the bioequivalence test parameter.  

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