The effect of hypophysectomy on physiological color change in Fundulus heteroclitus

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Abbott ◽  
M. B. Favreau
Keyword(s):  
Histological Examination ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Color Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Brain

Thirty-eight Fundulus heteroclitus were tested for ability to adapt to white and black backgrounds. They were then hypophysectomized and distributed individually to white and black containers. Their ability to adapt to background was determined for periods up to 2 weeks. Sixteen operated fish retained their preoperative ability to adapt; 8 became dark temporarily; 14 became persistently dark. Histological examination confirmed the result of the operation. In the third group of fish the persistent darkness was not associated with damage to specific areas of the brain although damage was more widespread in this group. It is concluded that hypophysectomy does not interfere with physiological color change in F. heteroclitus. The location of the central relays in the melanophore system could not be determined.

ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE SEVERE BRAIN AND PITUITARY LESION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Bassøe ◽  
R. Emberland ◽  
E. Glück ◽  
K. F. Støa
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Pituitary Lesion ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The steroid excretion and the plasma corticosteroids were investigated in three patients with necrosis of the brain and of the pituitary gland. The patients were kept alive by artificial ventilation. In two of the patients the neutral 17-ketosteroids and the 17-hydrocorticosteroids fell to extremely low levels. At the same time, the number of eosinophil cells showed a tendency to increase. Corticotrophin administered intravenously twice to the third patient had a stimulating effect on the adrenal cortex. The theoretical and practical significance of these findings is discussed.

The Meditations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ott
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Developmental Reading ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Brain Image ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Real Work ◽  
Sensible Qualities ◽  
The Brain

Despite its difference in aspiration, the Meditations preserves the basic structure of perceptual experience outlined in Descartes’s earliest works. The chapter explores Descartes’s notion of an idea and uses a developmental reading to clear up the mystery surrounding material falsity. In the third Meditation, our protagonist does not yet know enough about extension in order to be able to tell whether her idea of cold is an idea of a real feature of bodies or merely the idea of a sensation. By the time she reaches the end of her reflections, she has learned that sensible qualities are at most sensations. As in his earliest stages, Descartes believes that the real work of perceiving the geometrical qualities of bodies is done by the brain image, which he persists in calling an ‘idea,’ at least when it is the object of mental awareness.

scholarly journals Heterotopic ossification in lymph node metastasis after rectal cancer resection: a case report and literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Nagano ◽  
Tamotsu Togawa ◽  
Takeshi Watanabe ◽  
Kenji Ohnishi ◽  
Toshihisa Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Heterotopic Ossification ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Metastatic Lesion ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of osseous tissue outside the skeleton. HO in malignant tumors of the digestive tract is extremely rare, as is ossification in metastatic lesions from HO-negative digestive tract tumors. Regarding the pathogenesis of HO, two theories have been proposed. The first is that the osteoblastic metaplasia of tumor cells (driven by the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT) results in HO, and the second is that factors secreted by cancer cells lead to the metaplasia of stromal pluripotent cells into osteoblasts. However, the osteogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Case presentation An 83-year-old Japanese woman underwent low anterior rectal resection for rectal cancer before presentation at our institution, in June 2018. The final diagnosis was stage IIB rectal adenocarcinoma (T4aN0M0). Histological examination did not reveal HO in the primary tumor. Thirteen months after the operation, a solitary metastatic lesion in the brain 20 mm in size and a solitary metastatic lesion in a right axillary lymph node 20 mm in size were diagnosed. The patient was treated with gamma-knife therapy for the brain metastasis. One month later, she was referred to our institution. She underwent lymph node resection. Histological examination revealed that most portions of the affected lymph node were occupied by metastatic tumor cells and that central necrosis and four small ossified lesions without an osteoblast-like cell rim were present in the peripheral region. Immunohistochemical analysis showed tumor cells positive for BMP-2, osteonectin, osteocalcin, AE1/AE3, TGF-β1, Gli2, Smad2/3, and CDX2 and negative for nestin, CD56, and CK7. Conclusion This is the first English case report of HO in a metachronous metastatic lymph node after the curative resection of HO-negative rectal cancer. Unlike HO lesions in past reports, the HO lesion did not show peripheral osteoblast-like cells, and the immunohistochemical findings indicated that the present case resulted from the EMT.

Experimental Third Ventriculostomy Performed Using Endovascular Surgical Techniques and Their Adaptation to Percutaneous Intradural Neuronavigation: Proof of Concept Cadaver Study

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Horowitz ◽  
Kamal Ramzipoor ◽  
Ajit Nair ◽  
Susan Miller ◽  
George Rappard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Cadaver Study ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Third Ventriculostomy ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Brain

Abstract OBJECTIVE Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has developed into a therapeutic alternative to shunting for the management of carefully selected patients with primarily noncommunicating hydrocephalus. This procedure, however, requires a general anesthetic and necessitates violation of the brain parenchyma and manipulation near vital neural structures to access the floor of the third ventricle. Using two cadavers and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters, we sought to determine whether it was possible to navigate a catheter, angioplasty balloon, and stent percutaneously through the subarachnoid space from the thecal sac into the third ventricle so as to perform a third ventriculostomy from below. METHODS Using biplane angiography and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters along with angioplasty balloons and stents, we were able to pass a stent coaxially from the thecal sac to and across the floor of the third ventricle so as to achieve a third ventriculostomy from below. RESULTS Coaxial catheter techniques allowed for the percutaneous insertion of a stent across the floor of the third ventricle. Ventriculostomy was confirmed by injecting contrast medium into the lateral ventricle and seeing it pass through the stent and into the chiasmatic cistern. CONCLUSION We describe the performance of third ventriculostomies in two cadavers by use of the new concept of percutaneous intradural neuronavigation. This procedure may obviate the need for general anesthetic and minimize the potential for brain and vascular injury, especially if ultimately combined with magnetic resonance fluoroscopy.

To the pathology and pathogenesis of dementiae praec.

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 749-749
Author(s):  
M. Shifrina
Keyword(s):  
Histological Examination ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
The Brain

Mnzer, in an initial case of male schizophrenia uncomplicated by other diseases, made a detailed histological examination of the endocrine organs and the brain.

scholarly journals Morphology of the vertebral artery in Asian population

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Alfaouri-Kornieieva ◽  
Azmy M Al-Hadidi
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Asian Patients ◽  
Distal Loop ◽  
The Right ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain

Background: Recent clinical trials have shown a rising trend of stroke in Asian population. Approximately 20% strokes of total occur at the vertebrobasilar basin that supplies the occipital lobes of the brain, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The anatomical features and variability of the third segment of the vertebral artery (VA) in Asians are analyzed in this study. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 68 consecutive Asian patients underwent MRA examination for head and neck in the Department of Radiology of Hospital of University of Jordan from 1.10.2011 to 30.04.2012. The 116 VA were analyzed on the obtained angiograms. Results: The third segment (V3) of the VA was studied according to its conventional division into vertical, horizontal, and oblique parts. The mean outer diameter of the V3 varied up 3.18 ± 0.73 to 4.28 ± 1.08 mm. The parameter prevailed on the left in 91% cases and was greater in males, than in females. The distal loop of the VA projected downward in 26 cases on the right (78%) and in 28 cases on the left (74%). The tortuosity of loop?formations of V3 was evaluated subject to angles between their ascending and descending bends. Conclusion: In comparison with other ethnic groups, the V3 of the VA in Asians has lesser outer diameter, especially along its oblique part; the zero?distance between the occipital bone and horizontal segment of VA occurs more often (up to 26%); the Lang’s III type of V3 variability is the most common in Asians. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i4.6150 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2014 Vol.5(4); 84-88

scholarly journals Fear of Cigarette Smoke and the Brain Reaction on Nicotine

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislav R. Tanasic
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Cocaine Addiction ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Reaction

 Nicotine addiction is categorized as severe addiction immediately behind heroin. The third place on the list is cocaine addiction, followed by alcohol, etc. Nicotine is a powerful psychoactive substance that disrupts bio-cell processes and changes behavior. It causes dependence on smokers, but tar is a highly potent killing substance. Therefore, in 1965 the US Congress passed a law on mandatory health warning stickers on tobacco packs. Numerous studies have shown that the health warning does not affect the reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked, contrary to this warning motivates smokers to light-up a new cigarette. What actually happens in the smoker's heads and why? s the health warning a subtly designed subliminal message, or is its opposite effect a consequence of the brain filtration mechanism, or is it simply a synergy of the above-mentioned phenomena?

scholarly journals Thalamic Melanosis in Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanca Góes Dos Santos Soares ◽  
Draenne Micarla dos Santos Silva ◽  
Maria Jussara Rodrigues do Nascimento ◽  
Millena de Oliveira Firmino ◽  
Rodrigo Cruz Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Brown Pigment ◽  
Neoplastic Processes ◽  
Abundant Cytoplasm ◽  
Multiple Blood ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Masson Staining

Background: Melanosis is a blackened pigmentation resulting from the accumulation of melanocytes in tissues that are not normally pigmented. This change in the color of the organs occurs due to the agglomeration of melanocytes originating from abnormal migration during embryogenesis and does not cause dysfunction to the affected organ. Although melanosis frequently occurs in several species and affects several organs such as the brain and spinal cord leptomeninges, involvement in the thalamus region is unusual. The objective of this work was to report two cases of thalamic melanosis in goats, determining the pathological and histochemical aspects that assist in the diagnosis of this condition.Cases: Two cases of thalamic melanosis in goats were diagnosed. In both cases, the animals had no nervous history disease and clinical signs. The cause of death in cases 1 and 2 was established based on anatomopathological findings and clinical signs being diagnosed with mycoplasmosis and asphyxia, respectively. After fixing and making cross-sections of the brain, a focal lengthy blackened area was observed on the thalamus surface in both cases. Microscopically, lesions in the brain were similar in both cases and exclusively affected the thalamus. These cells had abundant cytoplasm, well delimited with brownish granular pigment. The nuclei were difficult to visualize and in some cells, it was rounded, well-defined, morphologically compatible with melanocytes. Melanocytes were mainly distributed around neurons and often distended the perivascular space of multiple blood vessels. In Fontana Masson staining, the granules in the cytoplasm of these cells stained strongly black. The Prussian Blue, Periodic Acid- Schiff's, Von Kossa, and Giemsa stains were negative, and the pigment remained brown. In the unstained slides, assembled after the deparaffinization and clarification process, it was observed the permanence of cells with blackish-brown pigment in the cytoplasm. In immunohistochemistry, strong immunostaining of pigmented cells with the Anti-MelanA antibodies was observed in both cases.Discussion: The diagnosis of thalamic melanosis in goats was carried out based on the characteristic pathological findings, in which melanin pigments were demonstrated and identified through HE, Fontana-Masson staining, and unstained slides and confirmed by the IHC. The use of complementary histochemical techniques was fundamental for the classification of the pigment as melanin, demonstrating to be an accessible and reliable tool for the diagnosis of pathological processes that lead to the accumulation of pigments and or material in the tissues. The occurrence of melanin in the thalamus may be associated with a failure in the migration of melanoblasts, which would go to the optical pathways or to the thalamus. This erratic migration of melanoblasts can be explained by the fact that the forebrain is the embryogenic origin of the optic and diencephalon pathways. Macroscopically, thalamic melanosis must be differentiated mainly from neoplastic processes such as melanoma and hemangiosarcoma, pigmented fungus infections, Phalaris angusta poisoning, listeriosis, neurocutaneous melanosis, and neuromelanin. It was concluded that thalamic melanosis is an uncommon alteration in goats and although it has been diagnosed as an incidental necropsy finding, should be included in the differential diagnosis of diseases that affect the central nervous system, especially those that have a color change associated with the deposition of pigments in the tissues. Keywords: melanin, necropsy findings, pigment, thalamus.Descritores: melanina, achados de necropsia, pigmento, tálamo.Título: Melanose talâmica em caprinos. 

General concepts of hypothalamus-pituitary anatomy

2011 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Ignacio Bernabeu ◽  
Monica Marazuela ◽  
Felipe F. Casanueva
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Perivascular Space ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Central Grey Matter ◽  
Imaginary Line ◽  
The Brain

The hypothalamus is the part of the diencephalon associated with visceral, autonomic, endocrine, affective, and emotional behaviour. It lies in the walls of the third ventricle, separated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus. The rostral boundary of the hypothalamus is roughly defined as a line through the optic chiasm, lamina terminalis, and anterior commissure, and an imaginary line extending from the posterior commissure to the caudal limit of the mamillary body represents the caudal boundary. Externally, the hypothalamus is bounded rostrally by the optic chiasm, laterally by the optic tract, and posteriorly by the mamillary bodies. Dorsolaterally, the hypothalamus extends to the medial edge of the internal capsule (Fig. 2.1.1) (1). The complicated anatomy of this area of the central nervous system (CNS) is the reason why, for a long time, little was known about its anatomical organization and functional significance. Even though the anatomy of the hypothalamus is well established it does not form a well-circumscribed region. On the contrary, it is continuous with the surrounding parts of the CNS: rostrally, with the septal area of the telencephalon and anterior perforating substance; anterolaterally with the substantia innominata; and caudally with the central grey matter and the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. The ventral portion of the hypothalamus and the third ventricular recess form the infundibulum, which represents the most proximal part of the neurohypophysis. A bulging region posterior to the infundibulum is the tuber cinereum, and the zone that forms the floor of the third ventricle is called the median eminence. The median eminence represents the final point of convergence of pathways from the CNS on the peripheral endocrine system and it is supplied by primary capillaries of the hypophyseal portal vessels. The median eminence is the anatomical interface between the brain and the anterior pituitary. Ependymal cells lining the floor of the third ventricle have processes that traverse the width of the median eminence and terminate near the portal perivascular space; these cells, called tanycytes, provide a structural and functional link between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the perivascular space of the pituitary portal vessels. The conspicuous landmarks of the ventral surface of the brain can be used to divide the hypothalamus into three parts: anterior (preoptic and supraoptic regions), middle (tuberal region), and caudal (mamillary region). Each half of the hypothalamus is also divided into a medial and lateral zone. The medial zone contains the so-called cell-rich areas with well-defined nuclei. The scattered cells of the lateral hypothalamic area have long overlapping dendrites, similar to the cells of the reticular formation. Some of these neurons send axons directly to the cerebral cortex and others project down into the brainstem and spinal cord.

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