The fine structure of Leucocytozoon simondi. II. Megaloschizogony

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin S. Desser
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Polar Ring ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Multiple Fission ◽  
Host Plasma Membrane ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Further Development

Incompletely divided cytomeres released from hepatic schizonts of L. simondi undergo prolific development in phagocytic cells of the host which become grossly hypertrophied. These infected cells together with the parasites within are termed megaloschizonts. Young megaloschizonts contain numerous round cytomeres bounded by a five-layered envelope. With further development the cytomeres expand and become invaginated. Microtubular spindles occur in dividing parasite nuclei at this stage of development. Thickenings form on the single membrane bounding the newly formed cytomeric surfaces. Electron-dense paired organelles develop adjacent to the thickenings which become the polar rings of merozoites. Abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria with vesicular cristae are seen in the cytoplasm of invaginated cytomeres. Nuclear division by multiple fission and further cytoplasmic fragmentation continue until uninucleate merozoites are formed. Male and female merozoites can be distinguished by the difference in the density of their cytoplasm and each contains a mitochondrion and paired organelles with the associated polar ring. The megaloschizont is surrounded by a capsule whose irregular inner surface is lined by the host plasma membrane. Outside this lies a thick filamentous zone from which numerous vesicles are pinched off and are seen within the hypertrophied host cytoplasm. A fibrous layer bounds the outer surface of the megaloschizonts.

Amphotericin b effect on the sensitivity to influenza infection of WI-38 VA-13 cells with IFITM3 gene knockout

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
Kira S. Koryabina ◽  
Mariya V. Sergeeva ◽  
Andrey B. Komissarov ◽  
Nataliya V. Eshchenko ◽  
Grigoriy A. Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Restriction Factors ◽  
Host Restriction ◽  
Host Restriction Factors ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
The Difference

BACKGROUND: The application of CRISPR/Cas9 is one of the most rapidly developing areas in biotechnology. This method was used to obtain clones of а human origin cell line with knockout of one or more genes of the IFITM family, representing host restriction factors for influenza infection. Amphotericin B has previously been shown to promote influenza infection by blocking IFITM3 function. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of amphotericin B on the sensitivity of IFITM knockout cells to influenza A virus infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: WI-38 VA-13 cells and mutant clones with IFITM3 knockout (F3 clone) or IFITM1, IFITM3 knockout (clone E12) were infected with influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in the presence or absence of amphotericin B. Forty-four hours after infection, the culture medium was taken to determine the infectious activity of the virus by titration in the MDCK cell culture, as well as the hemagglutinating activity of the virus. The infected cells were stained with fluorescently labeled antibodies against the viral NP protein, and the number of NP-positive cells was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The addition of amphotericin B increased the hemagglutinating and infectious activity of the virus in WI-38 VA-13cells, while the difference was insignificant for clones with IFITM gene knockout. A similar dependency was obtained for the percent of infected cells. CONCLUSIONS: Mutant cells with a knockout of one or several genes of the IFITM family were equally susceptible to influenza infection regardless of the addition of amphotericin B, which confirms the crucial importance of a defect in the IFITM3 protein in increasing the permissiveness of cells to influenza A virus.

scholarly journals Deciphering the mode of action and host recognition of bacterial type III effectors

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selena Gimenez-Ibanez ◽  
Dagmar R. Hann ◽  
John P. Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Type Iii Effectors ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Host Plasma Membrane ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Bacterial Effectors

Plant pathogenic bacteria adhere to cell walls and remain external to the cell throughout the pathogenic lifecycle, where they elicit host immunity through host plasma membrane localised receptors. To be successful pathogens, bacteria must suppress these defence responses, which they do by secreting a suite of virulence effector molecules into the host cytoplasm. However, effectors themselves can act as elicitors after perception by intracellular host immune receptors, thus, re-activating plant immunity. Bacterial effectors generally target host molecules through specific molecular activities to defeat plant defence responses. Although effectors can be used as tools to elucidate components of plant immunity, only a handful of these molecular targets are known and much remains to be learnt about effector strategies for bacterial pathogenicity. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the mode of action of bacterial effectors, which in the future will lead to improvements in agriculture.

scholarly journals The Psychology of Creativity: A Discussion Between Creative Potential and Its Realization

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Gralewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Social Conditioning ◽  
Creativity Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Psychology Of Creativity

AbstractThis text is devoted to a discussion of current achievements in the psychology of creativity, as well as to the further development of the field. It is concerned with a criticism of former and current theses in the field of the psychology of creativity discussed by Glăveanu (2014). The arguments presented indicate that, despite Glăveanu’s (2014) proposition, the psychology of creativity is not in crisis. It is pointed out that the difference in views between supporters of the social psychology approach to creativity and psychology researchers oriented towards the study of creative potential on how to conduct creativity research, stems from a concentration on different levels of creativity, and not necessarily from an ineffective theory of creativity. As a consequence of these different perceptions of creativity at its particular levels, determining the prime standard of creative potential is not sufficient to understand the social conditioning of creative activity and the social assessment of creativity, and vice versa.

THE PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH COMPUTER MULTIMEDIA VIDEO GAMES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (31) ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
Daria Hnatenko ◽  
Yuliia Venher ◽  
Tetyana Druzhyna
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
English Language ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Effective Models ◽  
Further Development

The non-equivalent lexis is one of the most common problems arising while translating multimedia video games. The relevance of this study is due to the great popularity of computer video games among contemporaries of different ages and social context. This leads to the need to introduce high-quality and faithful professional translation into Ukrainian, as well as the study, analysis and further development of possible effective models for solving problems in the field of translation and localization of video games. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems of Ukrainian translation and localization of English-language computer games for the further implementation of universal translation solutions in theoretical and applied aspects at the present stage of development of translation studies. The analysis of the computer multimedia video games translation aimed at distinguishing the prominent translation tactics has allowed to draw the following conclusions. The most common there has proved to be the tactic of the foreign language coloring preservation, realized chiefly by means of the operation of transliteration, employed to render most terms. Loan translation is most uncommon in Ukrainian translations of computer video games. The chief advantage of the translations under analysis there should be considered their lexical, grammatical and stylistic accuracy with the full rendering of the content. The most common translation strategy there turned out to be the strategy of communicative-equal translation. The result of the research will allow avoiding possible difficulties in the future and finding out the ways of their solution. This will result in the optimization of the translation quality which in its turn will cause improvement of the final product’s quality and further popularization of computer video games.

Horseshoe crabs as potential sentinel species for coastal health: juvenile haemolymph quality and relationship to habitat conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy K. Y. Kwan ◽  
Virginia K. Y. Un ◽  
S. G. Cheung ◽  
Paul K. S. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Sentinel Species ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lead Nickel ◽  
Further Development

As an interface between terrestrial and marine environments, coastal and estuarine areas are particularly prone to various pollution stresses. Identification of sentinel species is, therefore, essential to provide precautionary information on coastal health conditions. Given their significant ecological roles in estuarine ecosystems, horseshoe crabs are a potential species to indicate the general health status of coastal habitats. The present study demonstrated that the changes in haemolymph composition pattern of two Asian juvenile horseshoe crab species (Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) are sensitive to reflect heavy metal (lead, nickel and iron) and nutrient (nitrate and ammonia) concentrations of intertidal sediments. In particular, a significant negative correlation was found for the amebocyte viability and ratio of granular–spherical to granular–flattened and degranulated dendritic-like morphological states of amebocytes in juvenile haemolymph with nitrate and lead concentrations respectively. There were also significantly higher concentrations of haemolymph haemocyanin and plasma protein in juvenile C. rotundicauda than in T. tridentatus on the same shore, possibly being related to the difference in foraging habitats of these two horseshoe crab species. Such non-lethal sampling of haemolymph from juvenile horseshoe crabs can be useful for a further development of the monitoring program in assessing potential environmental impacts by anthropogenic activities.

scholarly journals Algorithmic regulation and the rule of law

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2128) ◽  
pp. 20170355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireille Hildebrandt
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Computational Architecture ◽  
Argumentation Mining ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Further Development

In this brief contribution, I distinguish between code-driven and data-driven regulation as novel instantiations of legal regulation. Before moving deeper into data-driven regulation, I explain the difference between law and regulation, and the relevance of such a difference for the rule of law. I discuss artificial legal intelligence (ALI) as a means to enable quantified legal prediction and argumentation mining which are both based on machine learning. This raises the question of whether the implementation of such technologies should count as law or as regulation, and what this means for their further development. Finally, I propose the concept of ‘agonistic machine learning’ as a means to bring data-driven regulation under the rule of law. This entails obligating developers, lawyers and those subject to the decisions of ALI to re-introduce adversarial interrogation at the level of its computational architecture. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations'.

scholarly journals Cellular Pharmacokinetics and Intracellular Activity of Gepotidacin againstStaphylococcus aureusIsolates with Different Resistance Phenotypes in Models of Cultured Phagocytic Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Peyrusson ◽  
Paul M. Tulkens ◽  
Françoise Van Bambeke
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cellular Pharmacokinetics ◽  
Extracellular Concentration ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Maximal Reduction

ABSTRACTGepotidacin (GSK2140944), a novel triazaacenaphthylene bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor, is currently in clinical development for the treatment of bacterial infections. This study examinedin vitroits activity against intracellularStaphylococcus aureus(involved in the persistent character of skin and skin structure infections) by use of a pharmacodynamic model and in relation to cellular pharmacokinetics in phagocytic cells. Compared to oxacillin, vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin, gepotidacin was (i) more potent intracellularly (the apparent bacteriostatic concentration [Cs] was reached at an extracellular concentration about 0.7× its MIC and was not affected by mechanisms of resistance to the comparators) and (ii) caused a maximal reduction of the intracellular burden (maximum effect) of about −1.6 log10CFU (which was better than that caused by linezolid, macrolides, and daptomycin and similar to that caused by moxifloxacin). After 24 h of incubation of infected cells with antibiotics at 100× their MIC, the intracellular persisting fraction was <0.1% with moxifloxacin, 0.5% with gepotidacin, and >1% with the other drugs. The accumulation and efflux of gepotidacin in phagocytes were very fast (kinandkout, ∼0.3 min−1; the plateau was reached within 15 min) but modest (intracellular concentration-to-extracellular concentration ratio, ∼1.6). In cell fractionation studies, about 40 to 60% of the drug was recovered in the soluble fraction and ∼40% was associated with lysosomes in uninfected cells. In infected cells, about 20% of cell-associated gepotidacin was recovered in a sedimentable fraction that also contained bacteria. This study highlights the potential for further study of gepotidacin to fight infections where intracellular niches may play a determining role in bacterial persistence and relapses.

scholarly journals Ecological architecture as a forgotten opportunity in Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Thanh Son Le
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Result ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Ecological Development ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ecological Architecture ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Missed Opportunity

Ecological Architecture is a modern topic. In Viet Nam, this topic attracted a great attention, and eventually, it is considered as a new trend, both theoretical and practical. This article presents different perspectives, but not the common public opinions on the issue, in particular, as follows: comparison of the relationship between the traditional Vietnamese architecture and the modern ecological architecture to acknowledge the similarity rather than the difference; the lessons learned from a particular stage of development in Vietnam before 1975 as an empirical result for modern ecological and environmental theories; discussion of the missed opportunity for the integration and contribution of modern Vietnamese architecture in terms of both theoretical and ecological development of Vietnamese architecture in the context of globalization.

Anatomy and ultrastructure of a Rhododendron root–fungus association

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (23) ◽  
pp. 2421-2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Peterson ◽  
W. C. Mueller ◽  
L. Englander
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Hair Roots ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Hyphal Coils

Light and electron microscopic investigations of the roots of Rhododendron and other ericaceous plants growing in the vicinity of Clavaria fruiting structures showed a fungal infection consistently associated with the epidermal and cortical cells of the "hair roots." Uninfected hair roots consisted of an epidermis and a one cell thick cortical layer surrounding the stele. Secondary growth in the stele and formation of a cork layer by division of the pericycle caused the cortex and epidermis to slough as the root matured. The structure of the infected hair roots was similar except for the presence of fungus in epidermal and cortical cells. As judged by the appearance of septa, at least two fungi were involved, one with dolipore septa that formed hyphal coils in the infected cells, and one with septa associated with Woronin bodies that occurred as single hyphal strands. Hyphae were found penetrating the cells from the exterior of the root and also passing from cell to cell. No correlation between fungal infection and the phenolic content of the cells could be made. Dissolution of both the fungal and host cytoplasm appeared to occur as the cells were sloughed. It appears that the fungus–root relationship is complex and is limited in duration to a short period of time during the development of the hair roots.

scholarly journals The migration ofAscaris suumlarvae, and the associated pulmonary inflammatory response in susceptible C57BL/6j and resistant CBA/Ca mice

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (9) ◽  
pp. 1301-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lewis ◽  
J. M. Behnke ◽  
J. P. Cassidy ◽  
P. Stafford ◽  
N. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammatory Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance

SUMMARYAscariasis is an important infection in humans (Ascaris lumbricoides) and pigs (Ascaris suum) and individuals appear to be predisposed to either heavy or light worm burdens. These extremes of susceptibility and resistance are represented in a mouse model by 2 strains of mice, CBA mice showing high resistance to infection and C57BL/6 which are highly susceptible, as reflected in worm burdens in the lungs 6–7 days after infection. In an attempt to identify the point at which the difference between these 2 strains is first manifested, we quantified worm burdens at key stages during infection leading up to the pulmonary stage of development. Thus mice were inoculated with fully embryonatedA. suumeggs and larval burdens were enumerated in the large intestine and rectum, liver and lungs of the 2 strains at 6 h post-inoculation (p.i.) and on each of days 1–8 p.i. inclusively. A higher percentage of the total inoculum was recovered from the intestine/rectum of C57BL/6j mice in contrast to CBA/Ca mice at 6 h p.i. Larvae were recovered from the intestinal contents and also whilst actively migrating through the large intestinal wall. The number of larvae recovered was significantly reduced in CBA/Ca mice in contrast to C57BL/6j mice between the phase of migration from the liver and arrival in the lungs. The combined results of the inoculation of mice with corticosteroids and the examination of the change in profile and number of leukocytes present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid suggested that the pulmonary inflammatory immune response was not prominently involved in primary protection of mice toA. suuminfection in the latter days of infection in the lungs. The susceptible C57BL/6j mice produced a BAL response almost twice as intense as that of resistant CBA/Ca mice with stronger neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil but not macrophage components, suggesting that the difference in worm burdens between the strains was generated earlier in the course of infection. These results were further corroborated by a histological examination of the lung tissues which showed that the passage of the larval stages ofA. suumthrough the mouse lungs was associated with a marked inflammatory response in both strains. Again, C57BL/6j mice exhibited increased inflammation relative to CBA/Ca mice. Hence some hepatic/post-hepatic factor that varies between the 2 strains, but exerts its effect before the lung phase plays a critical role in determining the success of larvae through the host tissues. The possible sites of this host defence are reviewed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document