Grain aphids in New Brunswick. IV. Effects of malathion and 2,4-D amine on aphid populations and on yields of oats and barley

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean B. Adams ◽  
Margaret E. Drew
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Aphid Populations

Aphid populations on oats (Fundy and Stormont) and barley (Charlottetown 80) were studied in the field and yields of these grains examined under the different levels of aphid infestation resulting from applications of malathion and 2,4-D amine to the crop.Two species of aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenae (Fab.), occurred on the grains, and the greatest populations developed on barley. In all cases highest numbers were associated with applications of 2,4-D amine. Applications of this herbicide to similar aphids under laboratory conditions showed that the species differed in their responses as measured by reproduction and longevity.One malathion treatment, applied when aphids were dispersing into the field, reduced ensuing aphid numbers on oats by 29% and on barley by 64%. Yields of oats were increased by 47% and of barley 32% when malathion alone was used. When malathion and 2,4-D amine were applied together, aphid results and yield results were confusing.In all treatments, aphid populations collapsed abruptly once the grain panicle emerged, and in no case did aphids persist more than 10 weeks on either grain.

Crop infestation by aphids is related to flight activity detected with 75 metre high suction traps

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
M.A.W. Stufkens ◽  
J.D. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Suction Traps ◽  
Suction Trap ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Suction

The flight activity of aphid pests of wheat potato lettuce and squash is currently monitored in New Zealand using 75 m suction traps However there has been little research comparing aphid suction trap catches with crop infestation levels The relationship between the average number of aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) sampled from wheat plants and the average number of aphids caught in weekly 75 m suction trap samples was examined A significant positive relationship indicated that numbers of aphids caught in suction traps reflected the numbers of aphids infesting wheat fields In another experiment potato aphid flights (mostly Myzus persicae) caught in a 75 m suction trap were compared with a nearby windvane trap Aphid numbers in both traps reflected similar trends However the suction trap caught approximately 10 times more aphids than the windvane trap Thus 75 m suction traps provide a useful tool for assessing aphid infestation levels in crops

scholarly journals Infestation of four mustard varieties by Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) in relation to different levels of irrigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Mannan ◽  
N Tarannum
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Different Levels

An experiment was conducted to find out the influence of three irrigation levels (no irrigation, one irrigation and two irrigation) on four mustard varieties (Tori- 7, BARI Sharisha-6, BARI Sharisha-9 and BARI Sharisha-8). The non-irrigated plots had highest aphid population (34.96/plant) and lowest (11.16 aphids/plant) in two irrigation. The variety BARI Sharisha-8 showed lowest (5.34 aphids/plant) aphid infestation and its yield was highest (2.05 ton/ha). Interaction effects indicated that the crop escaped from the aphid incidence in the variety BARI Sharisha-8 irrigated 2 times and produced highest yield (2.37 ton/ha). The differences in the aphid population at three irrigation levels affected the yield contributing characters and it was negatively correlated (correlation coefficient value ‘r’ ranged from -0.91 to 1.0).Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(4): 625-632, December 2016

scholarly journals Determination of mechanical properties of soil under laboratory conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S66-S69 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Malý ◽  
M. Kučera
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Measuring Network ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Properties Of Soil

This paper presents the mechanical properties of soil. In order to determine the properties of soil under laboratory conditions, a special measuring device was constructed, viz. a bevameter. Two types of soil with different levels of moisture were examined and their mechanical properties were determined. Measurements were taken of non-compressed soil. A measuring network was set up, consisting of measuring and recording devices. In the course of measuring, the force and penetration depth of the pressing plate were recorded simultaneously. Three different diameters of pressing plate were used, namely 38, 50 and 70 mm. The pressure on the contact area was calculated after completion of the measurements, and the relationships between pressure and penetration depth were presented graphically.

scholarly journals The Effect of Applying Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Aphid Infection and its Influence on Histo-Physiological Traits and Thermal Imaging of Canola

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.M. Elhamahmy ◽  
M.F. Mahmoud ◽  
T.Y. Bayoumi
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Secretory Tissue ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Aphid Populations

Abstract Insect damage in canola adversely affects its productivity andquality and is considered one of the most important degrading factors in Egypt. The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on aphid populations, growth and yield of canola (Brassica napus, L.) cv. serw 4 was the major goal of this study. Two experiments were conducted at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 seasons, to achieve this target. Each experiment included four levels of SA (0, 50, 100, 200 mg 1-1). The experimental results revealed that SA, at low concentration (50 mg 1-1), was an effective treatment for reduction the number of aphid populations and colony depth on the main inflorescence, contributed with reducing the thickness of secretory tissue of flower pedicel. The level of 50 mg 1-1 of SA-treated canola had the highest number of stomata cm-2, along with the lowest width of both stoma and its aperture. Thickness of xylem tissue and the number of xylem vessels bundle-1 in leaf midrib, reducing sugars and free amino acids was increased at 50 mg 1-1 SA, but free phenolics content did not affected significantly. Under controlled conditions, changes in temperature of infected leaves allowed the discrimination between healthy and infected areas in thermo-image, even before visible symptoms of aphid infestation appeared. The detection of modifications in plants or canopies, associated with low insect severity in the early stages of infestation, was crucial for the targeted, site-specific or on demand application of integrated aphid control. Canola, which was treated with 50 mg 1-1 of SA, gave 30.5 and 27.9 kg of oil ha-1 over the control. It was concluded that spraying of SA at 50 mg 1-1 was an effective elicitor to diminish the aphid numbers on canola inflorescence and improve its yield.

Resistance of Wheat Lines to Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Laboratory Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 592-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Razmjou ◽  
P. Mohamadi ◽  
A. Golizadeh ◽  
M. Hasanpour ◽  
B. Naseri
Keyword(s):  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Wheat Lines

scholarly journals Aphid Infestation Increases Fusarium langsethiae and T-2 and HT-2 Mycotoxins in Wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 6548-6556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jassy Drakulic ◽  
Olubukola Ajigboye ◽  
Ranjan Swarup ◽  
Toby Bruce ◽  
Rumiana V. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fusarium Langsethiae ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Pathogen Dna ◽  
Aphid Populations

ABSTRACTFusarium langsethiaeis a fungal pathogen of cereal crops that is an increasing problem in northern Europe, but much of its epidemiology is poorly understood. The species produces the mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2, which are highly toxic. It was hypothesized that grain aphids,Sitobion avenae, may transmitF. langsethiaeinoculum between wheat plants, and a series of transmission experiments and volatile chemical analyses was performed to test this. Manual translocation of aphids from inoculated to uninfected hosts resulted in pathogen DNA accumulation in hosts. However, the free movement of wingless aphids from infected to healthy plants did not. The addition of winged aphids reared onF. langsethiae-inoculated wheat seedlings to wheat plants also did not achieve successful pathogen transfer. While our data suggested that aphid transmission of the pathogen was not very efficient, we observed an increase in disease when aphids were present. After seedling inoculation, an increase in pathogen DNA accumulation in seedling leaves was observed upon treatment with aphids. Furthermore, the presence of aphids on wheat plants withF. langsethiae-inoculated ears not only led to a rise in the amount ofF. langsethiaeDNA in infected grain but also to an increase in the concentrations of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, with more than 3-fold higher toxin levels than diseased plants without aphids. This work highlights that aphids increase the susceptibility of wheat host plants toF. langsethiaeand that aphid infestation is a risk factor for accumulating increased levels of T-2 and HT-2 in wheat products.IMPORTANCEFusarium langsethiaeis shown here to cause increased contamination levels of grain with toxins produced by fungus when aphids share the host plant. This effect has also recently been demonstrated withFusarium graminearum, yet the two fungal species show stark differences in their effect on aphid populations. In both cases, aphids improve the ability of the pathogens to cause and initiateFusariumhead blight (FHB) disease in wheat, butF. langsethiaemay be able to act as a dispersal agent.F. langsethiaecontributes harmful toxins to wheat grain that need to be controlled, but as yet, its epidemiology is unresolved. This work reveals insights into the role aphids play in promoting the successful colonization of this species in wheat and the benefit of controlling aphid populations on crops that are at high risk of FHB.

Patterns of resistance to three cereal aphids among wheats in the genus Triticum (Poaceae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Migui ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Triticum Boeoticum ◽  
Overall Resistance ◽  
Triticum Araraticum

AbstractForty-one accessions of wild and cultivated wheats belonging to 19 Triticum species were tested in the field for resistance to three species of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus, Sitobion avenae Fabricius and Schizaphis graminum Rondani. Antibiotic resistance was estimated by the increase in biomass of aphids over 21 days on adult plants. Overall resistance was estimated by the plant biomass lost due to aphid infestation. All three species of aphids survived and reproduced on all wheats, and reduced spike biomass compared to uninfested controls. The level of antibiosis varied among wheat species and among accessions, with accessions from three, five and one species showing antibiosis to R. padi, S. avenae and S. graminum, respectively. Overall resistance to the three aphid species was observed in five to seven accessions per aphid species. Resistance was usually specific to one aphid species. The frequency of accessions with antibiosis or overall resistance was associated with the ploidy level of the plant species. Except for overall resistance to R. padi, resistance was highest for diploid species and lowest for hexaploid species. No consistent relationship between resistance and level of domestication was detected. Accessions of the wild wheats, Triticum boeoticum Bois, Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. and Triticum araraticum Jakubz. exhibited high levels of resistance to aphids, as did Triticum monococcum L. which is derived from T. boeoticum. Nevertheless, individual susceptible or resistant accessions occurred at all levels within the evolutionary tree of wheat.

Silicon-mediated and constitutive resistance to Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in corn hybrids

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Boer ◽  
M.V. Sampaio ◽  
H.S. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
Varietal Resistance ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Maidis ◽  
Constitutive Resistance ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an important pest of corn, but no corn genotypes resistant to R. maidis are commercially available. Although the ability of silicon to induce plant resistance against some insects is known, the effect of silicon on R. maidis and in corn hybrids with different levels of constitutive resistance is still unknown. This study sought to determine the constitutive resistance of corn hybrids to R. maidis and silicon resistance induction in hybrids with different degrees of constitutive resistance. Field experiments with natural infestations of aphids were conducted in three locations in Brazil (Patos de Minas, Araguari, and Tupaciguara). Greenhouse trials were also used to evaluate the effect of varietal resistance on aphid population growth and identify resistant and susceptible genotypes. Aphid resistance induced by silicon was determined with resistant and susceptible corn hybrids. In the field, the corn hybrids BM8850, AS1625PRO, and DKB310PRO had the greatest proportion of plants infested by R. maidis in all three localities. The hybrids P30F53H, STATUS VIP, BM9288, DAS2B587HX, DKB175PRO, AS1633PRO, and DKB390PRO2 were the least infested in Patos de Minas and Araguari, and P30F53H was the least infested in Tupaciguara. When antibiosis effects were evaluated by aphid population growth, the hybrids AG7088PRO3 and DKB310PRO2 were susceptible, while P30F53YH was resistant. When natural aphid infestation was evaluated, wherein the effects of antibiosis and non-preference could not be discriminated, soil applications of silicon-induced resistance to R. maidis in both susceptible and constitutively resistant corn hybrids.

scholarly journals Effect of silicon on aphid populations and wheat yield in Minas Gerais, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 2481-2494
Author(s):  
Gabriel Fernandes Rezende ◽  
◽  
Marcus Vinicius Sampaio ◽  
Beliza Queiroz Vieira Machado ◽  
Diego Tolentino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Aphid Populations

The area cultivated with wheat has been increasing in the savannahs of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aphids are usually one of the main pests of wheat in many regions of the world; however, little is known about the aphid population in this new environment. The southern region of Brazil, the main wheat production area, has had several problems as a result of aphids, but aphid populations and the resulting impact on wheat production have not been investigated in these new crop production areas. Understanding control strategies to manage this insect could be essential for the “Cerrado” wheat that is grown in this area. The application of silicon (Si) has the potential to reduce the population growth of wheat aphids; however no field studies have been reported. Hence, we evaluated the effect of Si fertilization via soil application on the aphid populations and species composition and on yield components of wheat in three locations in Minas Gerais; the experiment was repeated simultaneously in Uberlândia, at the experimental areas of UFU and IFTM, and in Montes Claros, at the experimental area of UFMG, using the cultivars BRS 264 and BRS 394. The aphids first appeared just before wheat earing; they were then sampled six times over the course of the study, seven days apart, starting from 45 days after sowing. The aphid species Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) were observed in all three locations; S. avenae was the dominant species in all locations. The experimental area of UFU had the highest number of S. avenae aphids per tiller for both cultivars, while UFMG had the lowest populations. Aphid populations and wheat yield components were not affected by soil Si fertilization. There was no difference in yield as a result of location or cultivar, but the location UFU and the cultivar BRS 394 had the greatest average hectoliter weight.

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