Osmorégulation et métabolisme de l'urée : comparaison entre Bufo viridis et Rana temporaria

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Harpur
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Arginase Activity ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Bufo Viridis ◽  
Urea Excretion

A comparison is made between the euryhaline species Bufo viridis, which can survive in more than 50% sea water, and the stenohaline species Rana temporaria, which cannot. The elevated blood urea, which B. viridis uses for osmoregulation, comes from a temporary reduction in the amount of urea excreted and possibly from an increased urea production. Below 40% seawater B. viridis shows no change in body weight but in 30% seawater there is a marked reduction in urea excretion and an increase in liver arginase activity. High salinity does not increase arginase activity further. The toads do show a weight loss with each increment of salinity above 40% seawater but the daily urea excretion returns towards the level of freshwater controls. In 60% seawater (546 milliosmolal) the bladder urine concentration is 575 ± 51 mosmolal with urea accounting for 107 ± 8 mosmolal and that of the contents of the large intestine is 582 ± 41 mosmolal but with only traces of urea. Nematodes (Aplectana sp.) in the large intestine are unaffected by 60% seawater.On the other hand, R. temporaria shows an increase in body weight when placed in 10% and in 20% seawater. In 30% seawater there is weight loss and increased urea excretion but no increase in liver arginase activity.

Osmotic Regulation in the Green Toad (Bufo Viridis)

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
MALCOLM S. GORDON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Bufo Viridis ◽  
Green Toad ◽  
Toad Bufo

1. The osmotic and ionic regulatory abilities of adults of a freshwater population of the green toad (Bufo viridis) have been studied. These toads tolerated environmental salinities as high as 19% at temperatures near 25° C. Two individuals of another population of this species tolerated salinities as high as 23% 2. Changes in body weight of toads transferred to different environmental salinities indicate that the skin of this form is permeable to water. Rapid return to control levels of body weight indicate that drinking of external medium may be an important part of the initial adjustment to high salinities. 3. Above salinities of about 8% plasma Δ rises with increasing environmental Δ. Marked hypertonicity of the plasma is maintained in low salinities, but isotonicity with the medium is approached in higher salinities. Increases in plasma concentration above freshwater levels are due primarily to increased NaCl concentration (about 84%), partly to increased concentrations of urea (5-10%) and other osmotically active substances. 4. Urinary Δ is much lower than plasma Δ in dilute media, but becomes identical with plasma Δ above salinities of about 15%. Increases in urine concentration above freshwater levels are also due primarily to NaCl increase (74%). Considerable quantities of salt are lost via the urine. The kidneys seem to lose much of their ability to regulate urinary salt concentrations in high-salinity media. 5. Measurements of electrical potential and short-circuit current indicate that active uptake of inorganic ions by the skin continues in concentrated media, but at reduced rates. 6. Changes in muscle water, Na and K contents indicate the occurrence of some redistribution of water and salts between various body-fluid compartments as part of the salinity adaptation process. 7. In preference experiments, B. viridis chooses the land over any aquatic environment. Among aquatic environments it prefers those with salinities below 8%. 8. When combined with some earlier data by other workers who studied other populations of B. viridis, the present data indicate great uniformity of ionic and osmotic regulatory abilities among populations of this species. The marked differences between salinity tolerances of different populations are indicated to be due to differences in tissue tolerance of high body-fluid salinities.

The effect of compensatory growth in sheep on empty body weight, carcass weight and the weights of some offals

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Winter ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
D. M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryThe effects on the body composition of Corriedale wethers of weight loss, compensatory gain and constant body weight are described. Three groups of sheep were grown from 35–63 kg by different paths. The first grew continuously (fed ad libitum). The second and third groups lost 20% and 28% of body weight (restricted intake), respectively, from 48 kg and were then fed ad libitum until they reached 63 kg. Pairs of animals were slaughtered at intervals in each group. A fourth group of sheep was maintained at 48 kg. Analyses of covariance comparing regression equations were used to determine differences in body composition between the first three groups.The compensatory growth rates of both groups which had lost weight were 1·5–2 times those during continuous growth. These increases were associated with an increased gut content of these animals and a concomitant reduction in the proportion of empty body weight (EBW) and carcass weight (CW) in t he full body weight (FBW). Thus, the apparent dressing percentage (CW/FBW x 100) was reduced by 2% during compensatory growth. The carcass length was not reduced during weight loss and its growth in relation to the CW was not affected by treatment. Thus compensatory growth animals had longer carcasses. Similar increases in gut contents and carcass length were found for animals maintained at constant body weight.During developmental growth the proportions of the external offals, organs and gut tissue decreased in relation to the EBW; notable exceptions were the large intestine and caul fat where the proportions remained constant and increased, respectively.The growth of the CW, lungs, large intestine and head were not reversed during weight loss whilst the liver, heart, hide and gut tissues (except the large intestine) all lost more weight during weight loss than they had gained during the growth phase. The proportions of these latter components were increased in relation to the EBW during the ensuing compensatory growth.In general, the composition of animals held at constant body weight was similar to that of animals experiencing compensatory growth at the same weight and age.

rHuKGF ameliorates symptoms in DSS and CD4+CD45RBHi T cell transfer mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (4) ◽  
pp. G690-G701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergus R. Byrne ◽  
Catherine L. Farrell ◽  
Richard Aranda ◽  
Karen L. Rex ◽  
Sheila Scully ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Cell Transfer ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
T Cell Transfer

There is an acute need for effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly at the level of repair of the damaged epithelium. We evaluated the efficacy of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rHuKGF) in both the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the CD4+CD45RBHi T cell transfer models of IBD. Disease was induced either by the ad libitum administration to normal mice of 4% DSS in the drinking water or by the injection of 4 × 105 CD4+CD45RBHi T cells into immunodeficient scid/scid mice. rHuKGF was administered by subcutaneous injection at doses of 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg in both preventative and therapeutic regimens during both studies. rHuKGF significantly improved survival and body weight loss in the DSS model in both preventative and therapeutic dosing regimens. It also improved diarrhea, hematochezia, and hematological parameters, as well as large intestine histopathology. In the T cell transfer model, rHuKGF improved body weight loss, diarrhea, and levels of serum amyloid A, as well as large intestine histopathology. In both models of IBD, the colonic levels of intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) were elevated by the disease state and further elevated by treatment with rHuKGF. These data suggest that rHuKGF may prove useful in the clinical management of IBD and its effects are likely mediated by its ability to locally increase the levels of ITF.

How to Maintain a Healthy Body Weight

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Healthy Body Weight ◽  
Healthy Body

The epidemic of both obesity and type 2 diabetes is due to environmental factors, but the individuals developing the conditions possess a strong genetic predisposition. Observational surveys and intervention studies have shown that excess body fatness is the major environmental cause of type 2 diabetes, and that even a minor weight loss can prevent its development in high-risk subjects. Maintenance of a healthy body weight in susceptible individuals requires 45–60 minutes physical activity daily, a fat-reduced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, and lean meat and dairy products, and moderate consumption of calorie containing beverages. The use of table values to predict the glycemic index of meals is of little – if any – value, and the role of a low-glycemic index diet for body weight control is controversial. The replacement of starchy carbohydrates with protein from lean meat and lean dairy products enhances satiety, and facilitate weight control. It is possible that dairy calcium also promotes weight loss, although the mechanism of action remains unclear. A weight loss of 5–10% can be induced in almost all obese patients providing treatment is offered by a professional team consisting of a physician and dieticians or nurses trained to focus on weight loss and maintenance. Whereas increasing daily physical activity and regular exercise does not significantly effect the rate of weight loss in the induction phase, it plays an important role in the weight maintenance phase due to an impact on daily energy expenditure and also to a direct enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

REGULATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF STEROID HORMONES IN RAT LIVER: THE EFFECT OF 19-NORTESTOSTERONE AND THE INFLUENCE OF CYPROTERONE ACETATE ON THE ACTION OF TESTOSTERONE AND 5α-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Ghraf ◽  
Edmund Rodney Lax ◽  
Hanns-Georg Hoff ◽  
Herbert Schriefers
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Cyproterone Acetate ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Steroid Hydroxylases ◽  
Drug Leads

ABSTRACT The androgens testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone, the anabolic drug 19-nortestosterone and the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate were investigated with regard to their modifying action on the sexual differentiation of the activities of rat liver enzymes involved in steroid hormone metabolism. The activities of the enzymes (Δ4-5α-hydrogenase, 20-ketoreductase, 3α-and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, NAD- and NADP-dependent Δ4-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, total steroid hydroxylases, 7α- and 16α-hydroxylase) were determined in cell-free liver fractions of male animals castrated on day 25 of life and killed on day 90; and of castrated animals which, from day 75 to 89 received daily sc injections (0.3 mg/100 g body weight) of the anabolic drug or the androgen only or in combination with cyproterone acetate (3 mg/100 g body weight). With the exception of 7α-hydroxylase castration leads to a feminization of the enzyme activity pattern. However, the degree of feminization varies from enzyme to enzyme. The administration of testosterone or of 5α-dihydrotestosterone reverses the effect of castration. With 5α-dihydrotestosterone activity values were reached which in some cases were significantly higher than those obtained with testosterone. Although both androgens restored the enzyme activities to the normal male values, neither androgen was able to compensate for the weight loss of the seminal vesicles in the dose administered. The administration of 19-nortestosterone in the same dose as testosterone is only 30 % as effective in restoring the weight loss of the seminal vesicles, but leads to identical activities of Δ4-5α-hydrogenase and of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases as are found for testosterone. 19-Nortestosterone is without influence on the activities of total steroid hydroxylases and of 16α-hydroxylase. 16α-Hydroxylase is the only enzyme in which the activity enhancing effects of testosterone or of 5α-dihydrotestosterone can be completely blocked by the simultaneous administration of the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate. In all other enzyme activities the anti-androgen does not interfere with the effect of the androgens although it blocks their action on the weight restitution of the seminal vesicles by 60–70 %. 7α-Hydroxylase does not exhibit any androgen dependency. Neither castration nor the subsequent administration of the two androgens, or of the anabolic drug leads to any alterations in activity. However, it is interesting to note that the administration of cyproterone acetate does cause an increase in activity.

1965-P: Glucagon Receptor Agonism Stimulates Body Weight Loss in Antibiotic Treatment in Obese Mice

Diabetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1965-P
Author(s):  
TEAYOUN KIM ◽  
JESSICA P. ANTIPENKO ◽  
SHELLY NASON ◽  
NATALIE PRESEDO ◽  
WILLIAM J. VAN DER POL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Glucagon Receptor

Relation between change in treatment for central diabetes insipidus and body weight loss

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako Ito ◽  
Aya Nozaki ◽  
Ichiro Horie ◽  
Takao Ando ◽  
Atsushi Kawakami
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Central Diabetes Insipidus
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