ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE OF THE TREMATODE TANAISIA ZARUDNYI (SKRJABIN, 1924) BYRD AND DENTON, 1950, FROM THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS L.

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 953-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newton Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cyst Wall ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Daughter Sporocyst ◽  
Terrestrial Snails ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Anguispira Alternata

Tanaisia zarudnyi occurs in the ureters and kidney tubules of ruffed grouse from Ontario and Michigan. The dark brown, operculate eggs are fully developed when oviposited. They remain viable for long periods of time at 2 to −15 °C and can withstand a temperature of −49 °C for 1 to 2 days. They hatch only when ingested by some mollusc. Development occurs in the digestive gland of the terrestrial snails Anguispira alternata and Succinea ovalis. Daughter sporocysts complete development in 6 weeks, by which time they contain undeveloped cercarial bodies. Within the next 2 weeks, most of the distomate. brevicercous cercariae are fully developed. The cercariae encyst within the daughter sporocyst, utilizing the contents of subcuticular glands to form the cyst. Encysted metacercariae are killed in the gizzard when fed to chickens, but excyst when inoculated directly into the duodenum. Excystation apparently results from secretions of the anterior glands of the stimulated metacercaria rather than from digestion of the cyst wall by the host. A 6-week-old ruffed grouse became infected when fed metacercariae, but 9 older ruffed grouse, 17 chickens, 4 white-throated sparrows, and 6 pheasants, fed similarly, were not infected. Apparently there is both host and age resistance to infection with this parasite.

ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF BRACHYLECITHUM ORFI KINGSTON AND FREEMAN, 1959 (TREMATODA: DICROCOELIIDAE), FROM THE LIVER OF THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS L. INFECTIONS IN THE VERTEBRATE AND MOLLUSCAN HOSTS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newton Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
Flame Cell ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Daughter Sporocyst ◽  
Cercarial Production ◽  
Biliary Ducts

The distribution and life cycle of a dicrocoeliid trematode, Brachylecithum orfi Kingston and Freeman, 1959, from the biliary ducts of the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus, in Ontario and Michigan, have been studied in the definitive host and the intermediate molluscan hosts. Oval, dark brown, operculate eggs contain fully developed miracidia at oviposition. The eggs are coated with a lipid which prevents uptake of water and hatching until they are eaten by a mollusc; they will survive for more than 3 years at 2 °C and will tolerate exposure to −49 °C. The eggs hatch and larval stages develop in Zonitoides arboreus, Z. nitidus, Cionella lubrica, Deroceras laeve, and D. reticulatum, but not in 13 other species of terrestrial molluscs. Small, rounded, daughter sporocysts develop within the saclike mother sporocysts during the first 30 days after ingestion of eggs by suitable molluscs. Daughter sporocyst and cercarial development is completed 89–278 days after infection, depending on the species of mollusc and the temperature. The cercariae escape from the sporocyst endosac through a birth canal into the sinusoidal spaces of the mollusc. They migrate to the lung and out onto the dorsum of the mollusc via the respiratory pore, where they aggregate in numbers in slimeballs that are deposited on the substratum. Cercarial production continues for more than 100 days after onset. The longicercous, mesostomate xiphidiocercariae have a flame cell formula of 2((2 + 2 + 2) + (2 + 2 + 2)); they are provided with 6 preacetabular and 12 postacetabular glands, both groups of which open through pores lateral to the shank of the cercarial stylet. Cercariae in slime masses survive for 48 hours. When exposed to larval Colorado potato beetles, larval willow chrsyomelids, and mound-building ants, the cercariae penetrated the gut wall and encysted in the haemocoel, but died shortly afterwards.

The life cycle and seasonal variation of Davainea tetraoensis Fuhrmann 1919, a cestode parasite of ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus (L.)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Dick ◽  
Michael D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Cestode Parasite ◽  
Full Development

Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) were collected from August 26, 1965, to August 25, 1966, and examined for cestodes. Two morphological variations of Davainea tetraoensis were found, fully developed mature worms being recovered during the summer months and poorly developed winter forms with no mature prolottides being recovered during the winter months. Various causes are considered and investigated experimentally. Changes in diet and changes in photoperiodicity do not seem to effect any change from one form to the other; changes in temperature, however, seem to be closely related to the transition from summer forms to winter forms, this transition occurring at around 0C. The change back to mature forms may be linked to gonad development in the host or to those environmental factors which influence gonad development. Cysticercoids from experimentally infected molluscs are described and compared. The rate of development of cysticercoids in Zonitoides arboreus under different conditions is investigated showing that full development, from oncospheres, can occur within 12 days in small individuals (2 mm) but takes at least 19 days in larger individuals (4.5 mm). Examination of grouse and chickens after experimental infection with up to 450 cysticercoids showed no apparent ill effects, or damage of any kind, to the hosts.

Trypanosoma ontarioensis n.sp. and T. paddae from Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos in Ontario, Canada, with notes on the biology of T. ontarioensis n.sp.

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2107-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick T. K. Woo ◽  
Cheryl M. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Agar Medium ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Melopsittacus Undulatus ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
Domestic Chicks ◽  
Serinus Canarius

Two morphologically distinct trypanosomes (Trypanosoma ontarioensis n.sp. and Trypanosoma paddae) were found by the haematocrit centrifuge technique in the blood of 53% (64 of 121) of Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos wintering in southern Ontario. Trypanosoma ontarioensis n.sp. is a small trypanosome with subterminal kinetoplast. It is monomorphic and not host specific. It was readily cultured in diphasic blood-agar medium. Two-week cultures were infective and contained dividing sphaeromastigotes, epimastigotes, and trypomastigotes. Blood trypomastigotes were detected in low numbers in the blood of inoculated birds (Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos, Bonasa umbellus, Gallus domesticus, Melopsittacus undulatus, and Serinus canarius) at 28 and 48 days postinfection. The crows, ruffed grouse, and domestic chicks were laboratory raised while the budgerigars and canaries were from pet stores. One canary that was further examined at 180, 360, 540, 730, and 910 days postinfection still had detectable numbers of trypanosomes in its blood.

Multiple Haemoglobins of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2651-2663 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
The Individual

The haemoglobins of over 500 salmon of different lengths, from Scotland, Greenland, and Canada have been analysed by vertical starch–gel electrophoresis at pH 8.1. Complex ontogenetic variations, involving an initial increase and later reduction in the number of fractions evident, have been observed among the anodally migrating haemoglobins. The variations observed have been correlated with changes in length, and the complete development of the anodal haemoglobin complex from the single fraction of small fish to the nine-fraction pattern of adults is outlined. The individual haemoglobin fractions appear to represent structurally distinct molecules whose regulated occurrence at different phases of the life cycle is discussed at the individual and population levels.

Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Rusch ◽  
Stephen Destefano ◽  
Michael C. Reynolds ◽  
David Lauten
Keyword(s):  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus

ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT AND PATHOGENICITY OF EIMERIA ANGUSTA IN THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Ian K. Barker ◽  
Allan Garbutt ◽  
Alex L. Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Endogenous Development ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus

Avian Haemoproteidae. 12. The haemoproteids of the grouse family Tetraonidae

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. White ◽  
Gordon F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus

The haemoproteids of the grouse family Tetraonidae are reviewed. Haemoproteus stableri n.sp. is described from the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus, from Montana. Haemoproteus rotundus Oliger, 1956 and H. canachites Fallis and Bennett, 1960, are declared synonyms of Haemoproteus mansoni Castellani and Chalmers, 1910.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE LIFE HISTORY OF TRICHOBILHARZIA CAMERONI SP. NOV. (FAMILY SCHISTOSOMATIDAE)

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang-Yu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Local Infection ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
Daughter Sporocyst ◽  
Physa Gyrina ◽  
History Of

A cause of swimmer's itch in the lower Ottawa River is Trichobilharzia cameroni sp. nov. Its life cycle has been completed experimentally in laboratory-bred snails and in canaries and ducks, and the various stages are described. The eggs are spindle-shaped. The sporocysts are colorless and tubular. Mother sporocysts become mature in about a week. The younger daughter sporocyst is provided with spines on the anterior end and becomes mature in about three weeks. The development in the snail requires from 28 to 35 days. A few cercariae were found to live for up to 14 days at 50 °C., although their life at 16° to 18 °C. was about four days. Cercariae kept at room temperature for 60 to 72 hr. were found infective. The adults become mature in canaries and pass eggs in about 12 to 14 days. Physa gyrina is the species of snail naturally infected. It was found in one case giving off cercariae for five months after being kept in the laboratory. Domestic ducks were found to become infected until they were at least four months old, with the parasites developing to maturity in due course; no experiments were made with older ducks. Furthermore, miracidia were still recovered from the faeces four months after the duck had been experimentally infected, and it is suggested that migratory birds are the source of the local infection.

The life-cycle of Bucephalus haimeanus Lacaze-Duthiers, 1854 from Cardium edule L.

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cyst Wall ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Estuarine Habitat ◽  
Main Site ◽  
First Time

Bucephalus haimeanus is shown to be an estuarine species. The cercaria from Cardium edule is briefly redescribed to include details of the nephridial system. The metacercaria is described for the first time, having been obtained experimentally in Pomatoschistus microps and Pleuronectes platessa. In Pomatoschistus microps it survives at least 10 months, development within this host being completed within 2 months. The main site of infection is the liver. Migration is completed within 1 h and in some instances within 10 min. During this period the metacercaria actively feeds on host tissue, the gut being greatly distended with food on encystment. A hyaline cyst wall is maintained throughout the remaining life of the metacercaria. ‘O’ group plaice are highly susceptible to invasion by B. haimeanus during early summer and 100% infections were recorded in catches from Ynys-las, Dovey Estuary, in June. Experiments showed that only 2% of the metacercariae survived more than two weeks and that ‘l’ group plaice were non-susceptible to infection. Plaice are therefore considered accidental hosts. The metacercaria was linked with the adult stage from Morone labrax on the basis of comparative morphology and the ecology of the hosts, the bass entering the estuarine habitat during the summer months. The adult is considered synonymous with Bucephalus minimus Stossich, 1887.

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