SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE STANDARD RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF FISHES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
A Value ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate

The standard rate of oxygen consumption for brook and brown trout acclimated to 10 °C and exposed to natural daylight varied seasonally. For male brook trout, standard oxygen consumption increased from a low of 30 mg/kg hour during March and April to a maximum of 63 mg/kg hour during the late fall spawning period. The standard rates of the females approximated those for males. For male brown trout, standard oxygen uptake increased from a value of approximately 20 mg/kg hour during the winter and spring months to a high of roughly 30 mg/kg hour during the fall spawning period. Little change was observed in the standard oxygen consumption of female brown trout.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: III. INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Standard Metabolism ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate

Standard oxygen consumption was determined in relation to various partial pressures of oxygen for eastern brook trout at 10° and 15 °C, and for carp and goldfish at 10° and 20 °C. Two conditions of oxygen acclimation were compared. In one case acclimation was to air saturation while in the other acclimation was to each of the partial pressures of oxygen applied.Down to a partial pressure of oxygen of approximately 80 mm Hg, standard oxygen uptake remained approximately constant, and further, the rates for the two differently acclimated groups were about equal. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate first increased to a maximum and then, with a further reduction in the partial pressure, decreased. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate of oxygen consumption was in all cases less for the fish acclimated to the low level of oxygen than for those acclimated to air saturation.Comparison of standard and active values suggests that the increase in standard rate of oxygen uptake in response to low oxygen does not reach the active level as suggested earlier by Fry (1947). The suggestion is made that a fraction of standard metabolism is derived anaerobically in low levels of oxygen. Further, it appears that acclimation to a low level of oxygen enhances the anaerobic fraction of standard metabolism.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: IV. INFLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Different Levels

Oxygen consumption was determined in relation to spontaneous activity and standard metabolism estimated by extrapolating the values to zero activity, Standard oxygen consumption was determined in relation to different partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen for brook trout. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), at 10 °C, and carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, at 25 °C. In general, at each partial pressure of oxygen applied, standard oxygen consumption did not change significantly over the range of partial pressures of carbon dioxide followed. The relation for brook trout operated on a level characteristic of the partial pressure of oxygen. Although the effect of different levels of oxygen was not established for carp at 25 °C, it is presumed that the relation operated also in that species in a similar way.Acclimation to the different levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen to be tested was examined and, ordinarily, found not to change significantly the standard rate of oxygen consumption.

scholarly journals An apparent specific dynamic action in Mytilus edulis L.

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Bayne ◽  
C. Scullard
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Dynamic Action ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
High Level

The results of experiments recorded by Bayne & Scullard (1977) confirmed earlier studies (Bayne, 1973) in describing a decline in the rate of oxygen uptake (Vo2) by Mytilus edulis during starvation, eventually reaching a steady-state value, called the standard rate of oxygen consumption. Earlier experiments had also shown that if such starved mussels were fed, oxygen uptake increased rapidly to a high level called the active rate of oxygen consumption (Thompson & Bayne, 1972; Bayne, Thompson & Widdows, 1973). Some of this increase in metabolic rate is undoubtedly due to an increased filtration rate that is stimulated by the presence of food (the ‘mechanical cost of feeding’ discussed by Bayne et al. 1976), and part is due to the ‘physiological costs of feeding’, which includes energy utilized in digestion and assimilation of the food, and energy that is lost during deamination and other catabolic processes that accompany digestion (Warren & Davis, 1967). Increases in metabolic rate associated with feeding have been called the specific dynamic action (SDA) of the ration (see Harper, 1971, for a discussion) or the apparent SDA (Beamish, 1974)5 and they have been related to aspects of protein metabolism (Krebs, 1964). This paper describes the results of some experiments designed to examine the relationships between SDA and ammonia excretion in Mytilus edulis L.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: II. INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON RESPIRATION OF SEVERAL SPECIES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Brown Bullhead ◽  
Ictalurus Nebulosus ◽  
Proportionate Change ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Mean

Standard oxygen consumption, as estimated by simultaneously measuring spontaneous activity and oxygen consumption, for five species of freshwater fishes, was measured in relation to weight and temperature. The fish studied were brown trout, Sulmo trutta; brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis; common white sucker, Catostomus commersonii; brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus; and carp, Cyprinus carpio. When expressed on a logarithmic grid, standard oxygen uptake increased linearly with weight for all species. The proportionate change in standard oxygen consumption for a given change in temperature appears to be independent of size within each species. The mean slope values of the regressions found for brown trout, brook trout, common white sucker, brown bullhead, and carp are 0.877, 1.052, 0.864, 0.925, and 0.894, respectively.The standard rates of oxygen consumption found in the present investigation are less in most cases than the lowest applicable values that could be found in the literature.Spontaneous activity, expressed in terms of average oxygen consumption over the standard rate, varied with temperature. Maximum spontaneous activity for a given species coincided roughly with its preferendum temperature.

The relationship between cirral activity and oxygen uptake in Balanus balanoides

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Newell ◽  
H. R. Northcroft
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Zero Rate ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

The rate of cirral beat of Balanus balanoides is related to the logarithm of the body weight as an exponential function. In any one animal, there is little effect of temperature on cirral activity between 7·5° and 10° C. Between 10° and 20° C, however, there is a rapid increase in cirral beat with temperature followed by a fall at temperatures above 20° C.Balanus balanoides exhibits a fast, medium and zero rate of oxygen consumption. These rates of oxygen consumption correspond with (a) normal cirral beating, (b) ‘testing’ activity with no cirral movement, and (c) with the closure of the mantle cavity. Both of the possible levels of oxygen uptake are related to the logarithm of the body weight in a logarithmic fashion over the temperature range 7·5°–22·5° C. Temperature affects the two rates of oxygen consumption differently. In the slower rate (rate B) there is an increase in the rate of oxygen consumption between 7·5° and 14° C but there is no significant increase in the rate of oxygen consumption between 14° and 22·5 C°.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: I. INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON RESPIRATION OF GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS L.

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
P. S. Mookherjii
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Proportionate Change ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
External Stimuli

Standard oxygen consumption of goldfish was estimated in relation to weight and temperature from simultaneous measurements of routine oxygen uptake and spontaneous activity. The relation between weight and standard oxygen consumption was expressed as a logarithmic linear regression. For a given shift in temperature, the proportionate change in standard oxygen consumption appears to be independent of weight. The mean slope of the regressions was found to be 0.850.The standard rate of a 100-g goldfish increased linearly, on a semilogarithmic grid, over the temperature range of 10 to 35 °C. The estimates found in the present study were less than the lowest applicable values that could be found in the literature.The average routine rate of oxygen consumption suggests that goldfish display a considerable amount of spontaneous activity despite the elimination of external stimuli.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF SULFATHIAZOLE AND OF PROPYL CARBAMATE ON THE RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

1947 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Fisher ◽  
Florence H. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rates Of Growth

1. The rates of growth and of oxygen consumption by cells of E. coli have been measured under identical conditions, and the effects of sulfathiazole (ST) and of n-propyl carbamate (PC) on these two processes have been compared. 2. The rate of growth was measured by (a) the increase in the viable cell count, (b) the increase in the optical density of the culture, (c) the increase in the rate of oxygen consumption, and (d) the decrease in the ammonia of the medium. The results as indicated by these several measures were identical under the conditions of these experiments. 3. Concentrations of ST or of PC which are just sufficient to stop growth completely, lower the rate of oxygen consumption per unit of bacterial protoplasm to a value approximately 50 per cent of that seen in the absence of the inhibitor. 4. It is shown that the rate of oxygen consumption in cells from old cultures is less affected by ST than is the rate of oxygen consumption by cells from young cultures. It is probable that the rate of oxygen consumption by "old" cells is lower than that of "young" cells. 5. The effects of ST and PC on both the rate of oxygen consumption and the rate of growth are very similar, indicating in a general way, that the mechanism of the actions of these two inhibitors is similar. Furthermore, since both of them produce appreciable inhibition of the rate of oxygen consumption while they are inhibiting growth, the possibility that the effect on oxygen consumption is the immediate cause of the effect on growth must be entertained.

scholarly journals Oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and heart rate of lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis) during their spawning run

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-206
Author(s):  
P. N. Claridge ◽  
I. C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Lampetra Fluviatilis ◽  
Ventilatory Frequency ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Spawning Run ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship

1. The standard rate of oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and heart rate of adult Lampetra fluviatilis were measured during the light phase of the photoperiod and at times corresponding to various stages in the upstream migration. 2. All three parameters increased during the spawning run but only in mature individuals were significant differences found between the sexes. 3. The regression coefficients for the logarithmic relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight of immature animals were 0.912 and 0.925 at 9.5 and 16 degrees C respectively. 4. Both the standard rate of oxygen consumption and the amount of oxygen taken up during activity increased greatly during the hours of darkness. 5. Oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and, to a lesser extent, heart rate increased significantly at 9.5 degrees C over the 100–20% range of saturation with air. 6. Below 20% saturation with air, lampreys no longer remained attached by their oral disc for prolonged periods and the ventilatory frequency rose even more rapidly to reach a maximum of 175 beats/min at 12.5%. Exposure to 7.5% resulted in death within 5–8 h.

The Oxygen Consumption of Flies During Flight

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. DAVIS ◽  
G. FRAENKEL
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight

A method is described by which the oxygen uptake of the blow-fly, Lucilia sericata Mg., was measured during flight manometrically in a Warburg and in a Barcroft type of apparatus. The average oxygen consumption in air for all the flies used was 95·580 c.c. per g. wet weight per hour. When flying in pure oxygen the rate of oxygen consumption showed no significant difference; in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures, containing 10 and 5% oxygen, the rate was considerably less than in air.

Oxygen Consumption of Castrated Females of the Blow-Fly, Calliphora Erythrocephala Meig

1955 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-699
Author(s):  
ELLEN THOMSEN ◽  
KIRSTEN HAMBURGER
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Individual

1. The oxygen uptake of castrated females of Calliphora was measured and found to be of the same order as that of the ‘operated controls’, i.e. females operated upon in the same way except that their ovaries were not removed. This result confirms the conclusion drawn from previous experiments (Thomsen, 1949), viz. that the influence of the corpus allatum on the oxygen consumption works independently of the presence or absence of the ovaries. 2. However neither in castrated nor in normal females could any correlation be found between the size of the individual corpus allatum and the rate of oxygen consumption of the fly.

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