THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN OF THE PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS)

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1233-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Olfactory Organ ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Retinal Area ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
The Pacific

The surface area of the olfactory epithelium of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is about 40% of the retinal area in 10- to 60-cm fish. In salmon up to 12 cm, growth of the olfactory epithelium occurs by increase in the size and number of the olfactory lamellae, in larger fish only by increase in the size of the lamellae. In adult salmon these primary lamellae develop secondary lamellae which can be seen in the unfixed tissue. The secondary lamellae, up to 10 in each primary lamella, consist only of a non-sensory mucous epithelium. Similar secondary lamellae were found in large rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and seem to be characteristic of salmonids.

scholarly journals Adaptational Responses of Rainbow Trout to Lowered External Nacl Concentration: Contribution of the Branchial Chloride Cell

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE F. PERRY ◽  
PIERRE LAURENT
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Ionic Fluxes ◽  
Area 5

1. Whole-body ionic fluxes and gill chloride cell (CC) morphology were monitored in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed acutely or chronically to natural fresh water (NFW; [Na+]=0.120 mmoll−1; [Cr]=0.164 mmoll−1) or artificially prepared fresh water with reduced [NaCl] (AFW; [Na+]=0.017 mmoll−1; [CT]=0.014 mmoll−1). 2. Net fluxes of Na+ (JnetNa) and Cl− (JnetCl) became extremely negative (indicating net NaCl loss to the environment) upon immediate exposure to AFW exclusively as a result of reduced NaCl influx (JinNa and JinNa). JnetNa and JnetCl were gradually restored to control rates during prolonged (30 days) exposure to AFW. 3. The restoration of JnetCl in AFW was due both to increased JinCl and to reduced Cl− efflux (JoutCl) whereas the primary response contributing to the restoration of JnetNa a t was an increase of JNain. 4. The total apical surface area of branchial CCs exposed to the external environment increased markedly after 24 h in AFW and remained elevated for 1 month as a consequence of enlargement of individual CCs and, to a lesser extent, increased CC density. JinNa and JinNa were correlated significantly with total CC apical surface area. 5. Plasma cortisol levels rose transiently in fish exposed to AFW. Treatment of NFW-adapted fish with cortisol for 10 days (a protocol known to cause CC proliferation) caused pronounced increases in JinCl and JinNa, as measured in both NFW and AFW. 6. These results suggest that an important adaptational response of rainbow trout to low environmental [NaCl] is cortisol-mediated enlargement of branchial epithelial CCs which, in turn, enhances the NaCl-transporting capacity of the gill as a result of the proliferation of Na+ and Cl− transport sites.

The effect of low pH and aluminum on the olfactory organ of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorthy A. Klaprat ◽  
S. B. Brown ◽  
Toshiaki J. Hara
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Olfactory Organ ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

Circulatory and Ventilatory Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Artificial Manipulation of Gill Surface Area

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
The Brain

Reductions in surface area of the gill were artificially produced by ligating various gill arches and occluding their blood supply. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) responded to a 40–57% reduction in gill area, by increasing cardiac output and ventilation volume, and probably by redistributing blood within the remaining functional gill area. Fish with blood flow to gill arches one and three only, could maintain arterial PO2 at 90–100 mm Hg, whereas, in those with blood flow to arches three and four only, arterial PO2 fell to around 40 mm Hg. The presence of a chemoreceptor site for the regulation of arterial PO2 associated with the efferent blood vessels of arch number one is discussed. Such a receptor may be located in the pseudobranch or in the portion of the brain supplied with arterial blood from the first gill arch.

Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Observations of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Gill

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1072-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Kendall ◽  
James E. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Variable Diameter ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Raker

The rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) gill was examined with scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopic techniques as well as an improved glycol methacrylate embedding procedure for light microscopy. The gill epithelium on primary and secondary lamellae contained distinctive surface features consisting of whorled patterns of ridges (microfolds) with intervening grooves, measurements of which were correlated with measurements obtained from TEM tissue sections. The SEM and TEM data complimented each other concerning physical measurements and presence of lamellar ridges and grooves. The microfolds consisted of cellular membrane evaginations with furrows (grooves) between adjacent microfolds. The ridges and grooves on the primary lamellar surface were quite regular in their architecture whereas the ridges of secondary lamellae were farther apart and discontinuous. The gill raker surface also contained low ridges in a whorled pattern with wide intervening grooves. Small pores of variable diameter were observed on the secondary lamellar surface and much larger pores occurred on the primary lamellar and gill raker surface. TEM sections revealed the presence of chloride, pillar I and II, and epithelial cells and the fine structure of their relationship to the capillary bed. These observations were discussed with reference to their possible adaptive value to the trout. Key words: rainbow trout, branchial epithelium, primary lamella, secondary lamella, pillar cell, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy

Morphological Changes in Gill Epithelia of Heat-Stressed Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri: Evidence in Support of a Temperature-Induced Surface Area Change Hypothesis

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Jacobs ◽  
Edward F. Esmond ◽  
Edward L. Melisky ◽  
Charles H. Hocutt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Structure ◽  
Surface Area Change ◽  
Scanning Electron

Surface morphology of the gill structure of hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to heat shock was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Changes were greatest in fish previously acclimated to 6 °C and exposed to 24 or 30 °C water for 3–5 d. Gill epithelia of heat-stressed fish showed a reduction and loss of the microridge patterns. The surface of the efferent arterial sides of the primary lamellae became irregular and rugose, and fusion of the secondary lamellae occurred at higher temperatures. The morphological changes along with an increase in mucus production may be a major factor in causing hypoxia in heat-stressed fish.Key words: gill epithelium, rainbow trout, primary lamellae, secondary lamellae, temperature, heat stress, scanning electron microscopy

Ultrastructural and Clinicopathological Studies on the Toxicity of Cationic Acrylamide-based Flocculant to Rainbow Trout

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Albassam ◽  
J. Moore ◽  
A. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Secondary Lamellae

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of two age groups were exposed to a cationic acrylamide-based flocculant at various concentrations in static bioassay chambers. At lethal concentrations the flocculant produced severe gill alterations in all fish. The principal alterations were necrosis and separation of the respiratory epithelial cells covering secondary lamellae. Many necrotic chloride cells were also seen, their apical plasma membrane was destroyed, and mitochondria were swollen with separated cristae. An influx of a large amount of fluid into the interstitial spaces caused partial or complete separation of subepithelial spaces from the covering epithelial cells and basement membranes of underlying blood vessels. Clinicopathological alterations included marked decreases in blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen, bicarbonate and plasma sodium, and chloride concentrations. Hematocrit, total protein, and blood glucose were increased. Fish exposed to sublethal concentrations had gill alterations characterized by hypercellularity and thickening of the secondary lamellae. These were due to undifferentiated cell proliferation and macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration between the covering epithelial cells and the underlying blood vessels. Macrophages and undifferentiated cells had large phagolysosomes containing cytoplasmic organelles, an indication of cell injury and increased turnover.

Surface specializations of the olfactory epithelium of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda D. Rhein ◽  
Robert H. Cagan ◽  
Paula M. Orkand ◽  
Mary K. Dolack
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri
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