MAINTENANCE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES IN VITRO: A BIOCHEMICAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Media

The anaerobic carbon dioxide production of minced ascaris muscle decreases markedly when worms are kept in vitro for 3 days. Using this gas production as an index, and a factorial design, the effects of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, potassium, and ammonium ions were investigated. For this study the worms were kept in media which were changed every 3 hours and the gaseous phases were maintained by bubbling gas continuously through the media. Under these conditions 20% oxygen was extremely toxic but carbon dioxide (5%) provided some relief from this effect. Even 5% oxygen caused more decrease in the index than did nitrogen alone, but this was not true when a mixture of amino acids and glucose was present. Ammonium ions had a beneficial effect in nitrogen but a detrimental effect in the presence of 20% oxygen. A high potassium ion concentration (24 mM) was detrimental in the absence of carbon dioxide but appeared to enhance the beneficial effects of carbon dioxide.

The effects of three total mixed rations with different concentrate to maize silage ratios and different levels of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on in vitro total gas, methane and carbon dioxide production

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. KHOLIF ◽  
M. M. Y. ELGHANDOUR ◽  
A. Z. M. SALEM ◽  
A. BARBABOSA ◽  
O. MÁRQUEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYThe aim of the current study was to assess the effects of adding Chlorella vulgaris algae at different levels on in vitro gas production (GP) of three total mixed rations (TMR) with different concentrate (C): maize silage (S) ratios (25C : 75S, 50C : 50S, 75C : 25S). Chlorella vulgaris was added at 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/g dry matter (DM) of the TMR and total gas, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production were recorded after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation in three runs. Increasing concentrate portion in the TMR linearly increased the asymptotic GP and decreased the rate of GP without affecting the lag time. Addition of C. vulgaris at 20 mg/g DM to the 25C : 75S TMR increased the asymptotic GP, CH4, CO2 and GP at 48 h. Addition of C. vulgaris to the 50C : 50S TMR decreased the asymptotic GP and GP at 48 h. Higher CH4 production was observed at 48 h of incubation when C. vulgaris was included at (per g DM): 20 mg for the 25C : 75S ration, 40 mg for the 50C : 50S ration and 80 mg for the 75C : 25S ration. Inclusion of C. vulgaris linearly increased CH4 production for the 50C : 50S ration and increased CO2 production at 10 and 12 h of incubation for the 50C : 50S ration, whereas 20 and 40 mg C. vulgaris/g DM of the 75C : 25S TMR decreased CO2 production. The 25C : 75S TMR had the highest in vitro DM disappearance with C. vulgaris addition. Chlorella vulgaris addition was more effective with rations high in fibre content than those high in concentrates. It can be concluded that the optimal level of C. vulgaris addition was 20 mg/g DM for improved ruminal fermentation of the 25C : 75S TMR.

scholarly journals Fitting of pH conditions for the study of concentrate feeds fermentation by the in vitro gas-production technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Amanzougarene ◽  
M. Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Fermentation Conditions ◽  
Incubation Solution ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
The Media ◽  
Ph Conditions

Two experiments were conducted to simulate in vitro the fermentation conditions under high-concentrate feeding. The concentration of bicarbonate ion in the buffer of the incubation solution was assayed in Experiment 1, by adjusting medium pH to 6.50, 6.25, 6.00, 5.75 and 5.50, in two incubation series of 12 h, using barley as the reference substrate. The pH diminished linearly (P < 0001) by lowering the buffer, and remained constant throughout 12 h, except for treatments 5.75 and 5.50, where pH dropped to 5.51 and 5.31 at 12 h. Gas production decreased linearly with a decreasing medium pH (P < 0.001), with the total volume of gas produced after 12 h being highly dependent (P < 0.01) on pH at 12 h (R2 = 0.629), thus demonstrating the importance of the incubation pH for estimation of fermentation of concentrate feeds. In Experiment 2, the effect of pH on direct and indirect proportion of gas was studied by adding 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mmol of acetic acid, either with or without (water added instead) rumen inoculum, to the media. Linear multiple regressions established between the volume of gas produced and the addition of acetic acid, and the bicarbonate ion concentration showed high determination coefficients for water (R2 = 0.929) and rumen inoculum (R2 = 0.851). Without inoculum, indirect gas production ranged from 9.4 to 12.4 mL/mmol of acid for medium pH of 5.50–6.50. With rumen inoculum, indirect gas was 20.8 mL/mmol acid, although this may have been biased by the contribution of inoculum itself to direct fermentation.

Effects of oxygen concentration on the metabolism of

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
NK Khurana ◽  
RG Wales
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

The utilization of the acid-soluble glycogen pool in pulse-labelled embryos was significantly enhanced during 24- and 48-h chase culture under low oxygen concentrations of 5, 2.5 and 1%. The lower the oxygen tension the greater was the turnover in the pool. The morphological development of embryos was equally as good at very low oxygen concentrations as when embryos were cultured in 5-20% oxygen. Reduction in oxygen concentration enhanced the oxidative utilization of substrate, as measured by rate of carbon dioxide production. The present study could provide an explanation for the discrepancy in glycogen content between mouse blastocysts developing in utero and in vitro and for the reported beneficial effects of low oxygen concentration during development of embryos in culture.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nutrient content and in-vitro gas production of complete feed based on corn stover (Zea mays) supplemented by mimosa powder and myristic acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Muchamad Muchlas ◽  
Siti Chuzaemi ◽  
Mashudi Mashudi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect supplementation of mimosa powder as a source of condensed tannins and a single fatty acid, myristic acid, in a complete feed based on corn stover (<em>Zea mays</em>) using the in-vitro gas production method. This research has been carried out at the Animal Nutrition and Food Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University. The time of the research was conducted in August until December 2019.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The experimental design used randomized complete block design by ANOVA consisting four treatments and three replications which were P1= a complete feed based on corn stover (<em>Zea mays</em>) as control Diet (CD) (40% corn stover + 60 % concentrate), P2= (CD) + Mimosa Powder(MP) 1.5 %/kg DM + myristic acid (MA)2% /kg DM, P3= CD + MP 1.5 % /kg DM + MA 3% /kg DM, and P4= CD + MP 1.5 %/kg DM + MA 4 %/kg DM.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the treatments affected total gas production (p&lt;0.01). The highest value for total gas production was found in P1 (86.67 ml/500 mg DM) and the lowest was found in P3 (73.30 ml/500 mg DM). The results showed that gas production decreased concurrently with the increase of MA level. In vitro methane gas and carbon dioxide production was showed different (p&lt;0.05) from the control treatment. The lowest concentration of methane production was in P4 (82863.07 ppm) and the highest concentration was in treatment P1 86530.89 ppm. The highest total carbon dioxide content was P1 (436711.57 ppm) and the lowest concentration was P3 (350287.72 ppm).</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of the research concluded that the addition of mimosa powder and 3 different levels of myristic acid in a complete feed based on corn stover can increase the nutritional value of a complete feed and reduce the production of methane gas.</p>

Methane and carbon dioxide production in, transport through, and efflux from a peatland

1995 ◽  
Vol 351 (1696) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Concentration Profile ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Peat Deposit ◽  
Small Peak

The top 5-50 cm of a peat deposit above the water table are predominantly oxic while below that the peat is anoxic. The concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 in the peat below 50 cm do not change with the seasons. The concentrations are greatest at or near the base of the peat and decrease quadratically upwards, consistent with a gas production rate (CH 4 + CO 2 ) of 0.03 μ mol cm -3 a -1 and movement by diffusion. The upward efflux of CH 4 , calculated from the concentration profile in deep peat, is 1, and of CO 2 is 17 μ mol m -2 h -1 . Just below the water table there is a small peak in CH 4 concentration. The peak concentrations are greater in summer than in winter. This indicates a second, seasonal and local, but not yet quantified source of CH 4 . Effluxes of CH 4 from the peatland surface range from ordinary summer maxima of about 200 down to winter values less than 10 μ mol m -2 h -1 , and at times negative values. The efflux from hummocks is usually about a third of that from hollows. These results indicate that methane oxidation may be important in hummocks.

The Relations Between Yolk and White in the Hen'S Egg

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-329
Author(s):  
JOSEPH NEEDHAM ◽  
MARJORY STEPHENSON ◽  
DOROTHY MOYLE NEEDHAM
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Aerobic Respiration ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Hen’S Egg

1. The vitelline membrane of the infertile hen's egg exhibits no dehydrase activity. 2. The vitelline membrane has no measurable aerobic respiration in vitro, nor has the yolk of the infertile egg. This confirms the view that the carbon dioxide production of the intact egg is not the result of any true respiration. 3. When incubated anaerobically in vitro, bacteriologically sterile yolk produces consistently small amounts of lactic acid. 4. This glycolysis is not the result of any catalytic activity of the vitelline membrane, but takes place throughout the substance of the yolk. 5. Under similar conditions, bacteriologically sterile yolk produces small amounts of a substance or substances estimatable as ethyl alcohol. 6. If the yolk suspension is bacterially contaminated, however, lactic acid and alcohol are produced in amounts closely similar to those found by earlier workers on this subject. 7. The heat of glycolysis, under anaerobic conditions, calculated from the amounts of lactic acid experimentally found to be formed, is of the same order as (a) the calculated requirement of the vitelline membrane (Straub), and (b) the observed heat production (Langworthy and Barott). Thus even if the vitelline membrane is capable of using energy to do osmotic work, the yolk is only capable of supplying it by means of its glycolytic mechanism if the whole energy output of the whole yolk can be made available for doing work at the membrane.

Review: Role of tubal environment in preimplantation embryogenesis: application to co-culture assays

Zygote ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Guérin ◽  
Yves Ménézo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Stage Embryo

SummaryThe culture of early preimplantation stage embryo is still delicate and the metabolic pathways of embryos are not completely understood. Embryo needs are evolutionary during the preimplantation development, consequently it is difficult to meet embryo needs in vitro. Culture conditions have to respect several physical and chemical equilibria: such as redox potential, pH, osmotic pressure, metabolic flux of energetic compounds, endogenous pools of amino acids and transcripts, etc. Embryo culture media are generally supplemented with amino acids, glucose, other energetic metabolites and antioxidant compounds, vitamin, and growth factors etc. Furthermore autocrine and paracrine regulation of embryo development probably exist. In fact embryo culture conditions have to be as non-toxic as possible. Various types of co-culture systems have been devised to overcome these problems. Complex interrelations exist between embryos and co-cultured cells. The beneficial effects of co-cultured cells may be due to continuous modifications of the culture medium, i.e. the elimination of toxic compounds and/or the supply of embryotrophic factors.

scholarly journals REGULATION OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION AND ITS RELATION TO METABOLISM AND RESPIRATION IN THE STARFISH

1926 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Irving
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Patiria Miniata

The normal reaction of the cœlomic fluid in Patiria miniata and Asterias ochraceus is pH 7.6, and of the cæca, 6.7, compared with sea water at 8.3, all without salt error correction. A medium at pH 6.7–7.0 is optimum for the cæca for ciliary survival and digestion of protein, and is maintained by carbon dioxide production. The optimum pH found for carbon dioxide production is a true one for the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the tissue. It does not represent an elimination gradient for carbon dioxide. Because the normal excised cæca maintain a definite hydrogen ion concentration and change their internal environment toward that as an optimum during life, there exists a regulatory process which is an important vital function.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Chemoattractant Activity, Lipopolysaccharide Neutralization, Cytotoxicity, and Inhibition by Serum of Analogs of Human Cathelicidin LL-37

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 2845-2850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina D. Ciornei ◽  
Thorgerdur Sigurdardóttir ◽  
Artur Schmidtchen ◽  
Mikael Bodelsson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Neutrophil Granulocytes ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Hydrophobic Amino Acids ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial peptides have been evaluated in vitro and in vivo as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Apart from being antimicrobial, the native human cathelicidin-derived peptide LL-37 (amino acids [aa] 104 to 140 of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide) also binds and neutralizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and might therefore have beneficial effects in the treatment of septic shock. However, clinical trials have been hampered by indications of toxic effects of LL-37 on mammalian cells and evidence that its antimicrobial effects are inhibited by serum. For the present study, LL-37 was compared to two less hydrophobic fragments obtained by N-terminal truncation, named 106 (aa 106 to 140) and 110 (aa 110 to 140), and to a previously described more hydrophobic variant, the 18-mer LLKKK, concerning antimicrobial properties, lipopolysaccharide neutralization, toxicity against human erythrocytes and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, chemotactic activity, and inhibition by serum. LL-37, fragments 106 and 110, and the 18-mer LLKKK inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans in a radial diffusion assay, inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular nitric oxide production, and attracted neutrophil granulocytes similarly. While fragments 106 and 110 caused less hemolysis and DNA fragmentation in cultured cells than did LL-37, the 18-mer LLKKK induced severe hemolysis. The antibacterial effect of fragments 106 and 110 was not affected by serum, while the effect of LL-37 was reduced. We concluded that the removal of N-terminal hydrophobic amino acids from LL-37 decreases its cytotoxicity as well as its inhibition by serum without negatively affecting its antimicrobial or LPS-neutralizing action. Such LL-37-derived peptides may thus be beneficial for the treatment of patients with sepsis.

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