THE NORMAL BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF THE BEAVER (CASTOR CANADENSIS): B. BLOOD GLUCOSE, TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN, GLOBULIN, FIBRINOGEN, NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN, AMINO ACID NITROGEN, CREATINE, CREATININE, CHOLESTEROL, AND VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Stevenson ◽  
W. D. Kitts ◽  
A. J. Wood ◽  
I. McT. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Castor Canadensis ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen

Blood glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, non-protein nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, creatine, creatinine, cholesterol, and volatile fatty acids have been determined on blood samples taken from yearling and adult beavers. In most cases the values of the summer determinations are much lower than those taken in the fall for the two age classes under study. Where different, the blood values of adult beaver are higher than those of yearlings.

Effect of feeding frequency on the diurnal changes in microbial protein, volatile fatty acids and ammonia contents of the rumen of sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Michałowski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

SUMMARYDiurnal variations in microbial protein nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and ammonia were examined in two wethers fed once and twice daily with 0·4 kg of concentrateand 0·4 kg hay/day. The total protein nitrogen varied during the day from 76·9 to 130·2 mg/100 ml of rumen fluid. The greatest amount of protein nitrogen was noted immediately before feeding and the smallest 4 h after feeding. The protein nitrogen of rumen protozoa formed about 39·8–53·4% of total protein nitrogen in rumen fluid. Volatile fatty acids varied from 74·0 to 130·5 m-mol/1 of rumen fluid and ammonia from 187·0 to 305·6 mg/1. The higher concentration of total and protozoal protein nitrogen and of VFA was observed when animals were fed twice daily. The changing of feeding frequency from once to twice daily caused an increase of ammonia concentration in the rumen of only one wether. The results obtained are discussed.

scholarly journals Identification of the Potential Role of the Rumen Microbiome in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis in Dairy Cows Using Metagenomic Sequencing

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247
Author(s):  
Xin Wu ◽  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Jinfeng Huang ◽  
Peng Peng ◽  
Yanan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Prevotella Species

The rumen contains abundant microorganisms that aid in the digestion of lignocellulosic feed and are associated with host phenotype traits. Cows with extremely high milk protein and fat percentages (HPF; n = 3) and low milk protein and fat percentages (LPF; n = 3) were selected from 4000 lactating Holstein cows under the same nutritional and management conditions. We found that the total concentration of volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate, and propionate in the rumen fluid was significantly higher in the HPF group than in the LPF group. Moreover, we identified 38 most abundant species displaying differential richness between the two groups, in which Prevotella accounted for 68.8% of the species, with the highest abundance in the HPF group. Functional annotation based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG), evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG), and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZy) databases showed that the significantly more abundant species in the HPF group are enriched in carbohydrate, amino acid, pyruvate, insulin, and lipid metabolism and transportation. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that specific microbial taxa (mainly the Prevotella species and Neocallimastix californiae) are positively correlated with total volatile fatty acids (VFA). Collectively, we found that the HPF group was enriched with several Prevotella species related to the total VFA, acetate, and amino acid synthesis. Thereby, these fulfilled the host’s needs for energy, fat, and rumen microbial protein, which can be used for increased biosynthesis of milk fat and milk protein. Our findings provide novel information for elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of the rumen in the formation of milk composition.

Effect of diet and infusion of volatile fatty acids into the rumen on the concentration of plasma free amino acids in sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Mercer ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Post Infusion ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
The Mean

1. The effect of supplementing barley diets with urea (U), extracted decorticated groundnut meal (GNM) or Peruvian fish meal (PFM) on plasma free amino acid concentrations in sheep have been examined and the first limiting amino acid has been indicated by measuring the changes in the concentration of the plasma essential amino acids (PEAA) during a rumen infusion of a volatile fatty acid (VFA) mixture.2. Three wethers fitted with rumen and re-entrant duodenal cannulas were given isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets containing (g/kg dry matter (DM)) U 20, GNM 106 or PFM 78, the crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents being 139, 145 and 148 respectively. The sheep were fed hourly, the mean daily dm intake being 0.634 kg.3. Plasma concentrations of valine, threonine, lysine, isoleucine and leucine were linearly related to their concentrations in duodenal digesta.4. A VFA mixture was infused into the rumen for 6 h to supply (mmol/min) acetate 1.47, propionate 0.22 and n-butyrate 0.27. Blood samples were taken 6 h before, during and 12 h after the end of the infusion.5. The concentration of all PEAA decreased relative to the pre-infusion and post-infusion controls but there were no significant differences between diets.6. The mean decreases in concentration averaged over all three diets showed that the decrease in concentration of methionine (41.5%) was far greater than for any other essential amino acid suggesting that under these conditions methionine was the first limiting amino acid.

A Note on the effect of herbicides on the metabolism and performance of lambs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Abou Akkada ◽  
M. A. Hassan ◽  
M. Naga
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Serum Proteins ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

SummaryThe inclusion of 60 p.p.m. of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) or of M15† in the diet of lambs had no effect on the concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in rumen liquor, on the contents of haemoglobin, protein and non-protein nitrogen in blood or on the composition of the blood serum proteins. Over weeks 1 to 6 of experiment, there was a significant increase in live-weight gain in lambs receiving a diet containing M1S but the effect had disappeared at the end of 12 weeks. Inclusion of 2,4-D in the diet had no effect on live-weight gain.

Influence of feed additive Fibreze on the composition of the microflora of the rumen in cows in the period of increasing the milk yield

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
N. Buryakov ◽  
M. Buryakova ◽  
I. Khardik
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Protective Function

In the rational use of nutrients of rations, in the intensity and level of microbial protein synthesis the conditions created for the development of useful microflora in the forestomachs of ruminants are of paramount importance. The purpose of the researches was to study the influence of the feed additive Fibreze on the composition of the microflora of the rumen of cows during the period of increasing the milk yield. The composition of the bacterial community of the rumen contents has undergone some changes under the influence of enzyme additive Fibreze. The amount of cellulolytic bacteria has increased by 12 %, which the share of rumencoccus has been characterized by the highest excess by 10,62 abs.%. It has been noted the increase by 9,3 % in the total share of bacteria that perform protective function-antagonists (bacilli and bifi dobacteria). The enzyme additive did not significantly influence on the quantitative composition of other groups of bacteria from the normoflora. The total concentration of pathogens, which are an indicator of the state of health of cows has been decreased by 1,3 times. A more effective use of protein nitrogen by the rumenal microflora has been established. The input in the ration of 20 g/head/day of the feed additive Fibreze has been provided the increase fermentation of carbohydrates and led to the increase in the total concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen content of cows in all periods of research. For example, the total concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of cows has been increased by 8,73 % during the period of increasing the milk yield. It has been noted the tendency to increase propionic and butyric acids while reducing acetic acid. The biggest economic effect has been achieved in cows that have been received the feed additive in the amount of 20 g/head/day as part of the ration.

DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN IN REPRESENTATIVE CANADIAN SOILS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. SOWDEN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Mineral Soils

Forms of nitrogen in 92 samples were measured in a study designed to determine the similarities and differences in the nitrogen distribution in various horizons of a wide range of Canadian soils. The samples, representing all of the nine soil orders, were chosen from different climate and vegetation zones. Some peat soils were analyzed also. The data were first grouped according to the nitrogen content of the samples, but the amino acid composition of the soil "protein" did not appear to be related to this. The data were then grouped according to LFH, A, B and C horizons and also according to the Ah, Ap, Ae, Bhf, Bh, Bm and Bt layers. Again, few significant differences in the amino acid composition could be found. Data for the average amino acid composition and standard deviations for 92 mineral soils, 6 LFH and 2 ’O’ horizons of these and 18 peat soils were calculated. Since the analytical and sampling errors appear to be relatively small and would not account for all the variation between samples, there appeared to be real but relatively small and random differences in the amino acid composition of the different samples. The data for the individual soils supported this conclusion; for instance, some samples had very small or barely detectable amounts of hydroxyproline, while with other soils it made up 1–2% of the amino acid nitrogen. The amino sugar composition was more variable and the glucosamine/galactosamine ratio varied from 2:1 for the LFH horizons to 1:1 for the peat soils. In general, however, the soil "protein", which is probably largely the result of microbial degradation and synthesis, is remarkably similar to its amino acid composition. Amino acid nitrogen made up over half of the total nitrogen of the LFH and O horizons. This underestimated the "protein" nitrogen, since there is probably some amide nitrogen (about 5%) not included. In the mineral soils probably about 40% was "protein" nitrogen (including aminde), 5% was amino sugar nitrogen, 18% hydrolyzable unidentified nitrogen and 13.5% was insoluble in the acid used for hydrolysis. Clay-fixed ammonium made up 17% of the total nitrogen and much of the hydrolyzable ammonium came from this.

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