STUDIES ON VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF LARVAE OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MG.), UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITIONS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Friend ◽  
R. L. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Thioctic Acid ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

Larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), were reared individually under aseptic conditions on chemically defined diets. Of 11 growth factors tested, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine were essential for normal growth and development of the larvae. Omitting one of vitamin B12, thioctic acid, or coenzyme A slowed larval development slightly; fewer larvae pupated, and the ratio of male to female flies was high. However, these growth factors were not essential under the experimental conditions. This is believed to be the first chemically defined diet that will support the growth and development of a phytophagous insect under aseptic conditions. The check diet, which contained all of the vitamins tested, consisted of 19 l-amino acids, 9 B vitamins, coenzyme A, thioctic acid, inosine, thymine, ribonucleic acid, glucose, cholesterol, a salt mixture, and agar.

Growth factors and uncontrolled proliferation

2016 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Shujuan Liu ◽  
Ahmed Ashour Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
External Cues ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Specific Tissue

A mandatory requirement of normal growth and development is the tight spatial and temporal synchronization of cellular proliferation within a specific tissue type and between tissue types that make up an organ, a process that is governed by intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory pathways. For a cell to synchronize its growth with that of other cells it requires a network of proteins that can sense external cues, send internal messages, and produce extracellular messengers that feed back information to neighbouring cells. Growth factors act as cellular messengers to feed back regulatory signals that modulate the cell’s own behaviour (autocrine signals) and that of other adjacent cells (paracrine signals). These proteins regulate a myriad of other cellular activities. In this chapter we discuss how different growth factors relay messages to cells and describe how their deregulation contributes to the development of uncontrolled proliferation and cancer.

Growth factors and uncontrolled proliferation

2016 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Shujuan Liu ◽  
Ahmed Ashour Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
External Cues ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Specific Tissue

A mandatory requirement of normal growth and development is the tight spatial and temporal synchronization of cellular proliferation within a specific tissue type and between tissue types that make up an organ, a process that is governed by intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory pathways. For a cell to synchronize its growth with that of other cells it requires a network of proteins that can sense external cues, send internal messages, and produce extracellular messengers that feed back information to neighbouring cells. Growth factors act as cellular messengers to feed back regulatory signals that modulate the cell’s own behaviour (autocrine signals) and that of other adjacent cells (paracrine signals). These proteins regulate a myriad of other cellular activities. In this chapter we discuss how different growth factors relay messages to cells and describe how their deregulation contributes to the development of uncontrolled proliferation and cancer.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. R87-R103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Forhead ◽  
A L Fowden
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are essential for normal growth and development of the fetus. Their bioavailabilityin uterodepends on development of the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid gland axis and the abundance of thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases that influence tissue levels of bioactive hormone. Fetal T4and T3concentrations are also affected by gestational age, nutritional and endocrine conditionsin utero, and placental permeability to maternal thyroid hormones, which varies among species with placental morphology. Thyroid hormones are required for the general accretion of fetal mass and to trigger discrete developmental events in the fetal brain and somatic tissues from early in gestation. They also promote terminal differentiation of fetal tissues closer to term and are important in mediating theprepartummaturational effects of the glucocorticoids that ensure neonatal viability. Thyroid hormones act directly through anabolic effects on fetal metabolism and the stimulation of fetal oxygen consumption. They also act indirectly by controlling the bioavailability and effectiveness of other hormones and growth factors that influence fetal development such as the catecholamines and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). By regulating tissue accretion and differentiation near term, fetal thyroid hormones ensure activation of physiological processes essential for survival at birth such as pulmonary gas exchange, thermogenesis, hepatic glucogenesis, and cardiac adaptations. This review examines the developmental control of fetal T4and T3bioavailability and discusses the role of these hormones in fetal growth and development with particular emphasis on maturation of somatic tissues critical for survival immediately at birth.

STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF LARVAE OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MG.), UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITIONS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Friend ◽  
R. H. Backs ◽  
L. M. Cass
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

On diets lacking one of l-arginine, l-histidine, l-isoleucine, l-tryptophan, or l-valine all the test larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), died in the first instar. On diets lacking either l-phenylalanine or l-threonine, all died before the third instar; on those from which l-leucine, l-lysine, or l-methionine was omitted, all died before reaching the pupal stage. Diets lacking l-alanine, l-aspartic acid, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, glycine, l-hydroxyproline, l-proline, l-serine, or l-tyrosine did not block larval development. Eighty-one per cent of the larvae on one of the complete diets developed to the adult stage; eggs laid by these adults and by adults from the diet lacking l-glutamic acid hatched and produced normal larvae. The test larvae were reared individually and aseptically on chemically defined diets.

A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR MASS-REARING THE ONION MAGGOT (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1554-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Allen ◽  
W. L. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Wheat Embryo ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
Yeast Hydrolysate

AbstractA gelatine-based diet for rearing the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), that contains sucrose, evaporated milk, yeast hydrolysate, wheat embryo, cellulose powder, n-propyl disulfide, water, and antibiotics is described. Three consecutive generations reared on this medium were equal in puparial weights, percentages of pupation, adult emergence, and egg hatch, to those reared on onion bulbs. The procedure is simple and two man-hours per week is sufficient for producing 1000 maggots daily.

A Note on a Dipterous Predator of the Onion Maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Perron ◽  
J. Lafrance
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
History Of

In investigations on the life-history of the onion maggot at St. Jean, Que., in 1951, a few specimens of a dipterous predator were found in the rearing cages in the laboratory. They were feeding voraciously on the adults, destroying a colony of nearly 300 flies within two weeks.Specimens were identified by Mr. A. R. Brooks, Systematic Entomology, Division of Entomology, Saskatoon, Sask., as Coenosia tigrina (F.). Mr. G. E. Shewell, Systematic Entomology, Division of Entomology, Ottawa, has stated that nothing is known in Canada about the life-history of this species, but that it is apparently well known as a predator in Europe and that B. M. Hobby has published a long list of species on which it preys, including many anthomyiids.

CONGENITAL SUCRASE-ISOMALTASE DEFICIENCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-853
Author(s):  
I. Antonowicz ◽  
J. D. Lloyd-Still ◽  
K. T. Khaw ◽  
H. Shwachman
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Small Intestinal

Observations over a period of 6 years are reported on 10 children in whom the diagnosis of congenital sucrase isomaltase deficiency (SID) was confirmed by quantitative estimation of disaccharidase activity of the small intestinal mucosa. Repeat biopsies were performed on eight of the ten patients and showed no evidence that sucrase isomaltase activity is acquired. Sucrose tolerance tests (2 gm/kg) showed no significant rise in blood glucose in the seven patients in whom they were performed. This condition may appear in young infants with severe diarrhea resulting in a malabsorption syndrome and failure to thrive. It may also be manifest in a milder clinical presentation with bothersome diarrhea in spite of normal growth and development in the older infant or young child. The diagnosis in this latter group can be difficult, and is frequently missed.

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