EFFECTS OF THYROXINE AND THIOUREA ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF CHUM SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KETA)

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Dales ◽  
William S. Hoar
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Accelerated Growth

Eggs of chum salmon were incubated in solutions of synthetic thyroxine sodium or thiourea. Thyroxine accelerated growth of the body wall and pectoral fins but reduced the rate of increase in body length. In addition, thyroxine treatment produced exophthalmia, intense deposition of guanine, and decreased pigmentation. Thiourea likewise reduced the rate of growth in length but had no apparent effect on the development of body wall or fins. Decreased deposition of guanine was evident in thiourea treated fish but the deposition of melanin was not affected. Thyroids of fish treated with thyroxine showed characteristic colloid storage while those of fish in thiourea were hyperplastic. The rate of contraction of the embryonic heart was unaffected by the treatments.

Growth and Chemical Composition of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Sockeye (O. nerka) Salmon Fry Produced in Spawning Channel and Natural Environments

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Vanstone ◽  
J. R. Markert ◽  
D. B. Lister ◽  
M. A. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Rate Of Increase

A comparison was made of the weights, lengths, weight–length relations, and chemical composition in migrating chum and sockeye fry resulting from eggs incubated and hatched in natural and artificial streams. Additionally, growth rates and rates of change in some chemical constituents were investigated in postmigrant channel- and river-hatched chum salmon confined to floating pens in sea water and in postmigrant sockeye salmon captured from their lake nursery area.There were no apparent differences in the lengths, weights, weight–length relations, or chemical composition between river- and channel-hatched chum salmon migrants. Nor was there any difference in the rates of change in length, weight, or chemical composition of these two groups of chums when confined to pens in sea water for 10 weeks after migration.There were differences in the weight–length relations, lipid content, and nitrogen content between channel- and river-hatched sockeye migrants. It is suggested, however, that these differences are due to the fact that the timing of the peaks of migration of these two groups of fish differed and that at any one time channel fry were physiologically different from river fry.Growth of the chum salmon in sea water and the sockeye in the lake was exponential and the slope of the weight–length relation, W = aLb, was approximately 3.25. During this growth period although total weight, moisture, solids, lipid, and nitrogen increased the rate of increase in moisture was less than the rates of increase in total weight or the other constituents.

Ernietta from the late Edicaran Nama Group, Namibia

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Elliott ◽  
Peter W. Trusler ◽  
Guy M. Narbonne ◽  
Patricia Vickers-Rich ◽  
Nicole Morton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Original Description ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Field Site ◽  
On Farm

AbstractErnietta plateauensis Pflug, 1966 is the type species of the Erniettomorpha, an extinct clade of Ediacaran life. It was likely a gregarious, partially infaunal organism. Despite its ecological and taxonomic significance, there has not been an in-depth systematic description in the literature since the original description fell out of use. A newly discovered field site on Farm Aar in southern Namibia has yielded dozens of specimens buried in original life position. Mudstone and sandstone features associated with the fossils indicate that organisms were buried while still exposed to the water column rather than deposited in a flow event. Ernietta plateauensis was a sac-shaped erniettomorph with a body wall constructed from a double layer of tubes. It possessed an equatorial seam lying perpendicular to the tubes. The body is asymmetrical on either side of this seam. The tubes change direction along the body length and appear to be constricted together in the dorsal part of the organism.

The relationship between the body shape of living pigs and their carcass morphology and composition

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Doeschl ◽  
D. M. Green ◽  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
C. P. Schofield ◽  
A. V. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe conformation, tissue composition, and chemical composition of three types of pigs, given food ad libitum and slaughtered over a nominal live weight range of 35 to 115 kg, was assessed in relation to data provided on the live animals by a visual image analysis (VIA) system. The pig types were named as ‘3⁄4 Landrace’, ‘1⁄2 Pietrain’, and ‘1⁄4 Meishan’ types, representing ‘attenuated’, ‘blocky’, and ‘flabby’ types. Three analyses of the shape, conformation and composition data were performed. First, the relationship between conformation and age/size was assessed using linear regression of logarithmically transformed VIA and carcass data. In relation to age, ‘1⁄2 Pietrain’ pigs were found by both VIA and carcass measurements to have the widest shoulders. Both analyses also found this type to have the widest ham, trunk, and shoulders in relation to body length across most of the body length range studied, although the greatest rate of increase in ham width in relation to body length was found in the ‘1/4 Meishan’ type pigs. Second, the relationship between composition and VIA shape was examined using linear regression of transformed and standardized data. Significant relationships were found between fat, lipid, muscle, and protein weight and VIA shape, although relationships were weaker for protein and muscle weight. For fat and lipid, the VIA shape measures from the trunk region proved the most informative, whereas the VIA ham measures proved the most informative for muscle and protein. Third, detrended measures of composition/conformation and shape were used to remove the effect of animal size from the data. Removal of the variation due to growth generally led to substantial decreases in the adjusted R2statistics and in the R2-like statistics for prediction. Although in the models without detrending, relative fat and lipid weight had been found most strongly correlated with VIA shape, relative muscle was found most strongly correlated with shape in the detrended data. This was considered to result from the low between-animal variation in the data set combined with greater across-weight variation in fat and lipid weights than muscle and protein weights in the data without trend removal. Future trials with greater between-animal variation imposed would allow more precise determination of the relationship between conformation and shape.

Functional bursting by the dracunculoid nematode Philonema oncorhynchi

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Lewis ◽  
D. R. Jones ◽  
J. R. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Absolute Pressure ◽  
Unit Surface Area ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Using biomedical techniques experimental determinations of the hydrostatic pressure in the pseudocoel of adult female Philonema oncorhynchi indicated that the rate of increase in pressure (dP/dT) and absolute pressure values (cm/H2O) shown by bursting worms in distilled water are correlated with the diameter of the nematode. At bursting pressures, wall tension in a wide size range of worms was virtually identical, indicating that the bursting process is independent of muscular contraction. That the generation of the hydrostatic pressure was an osmotic phenomenon was confirmed by measuring dP/dT in prelarvigerous and larvigerous female worms subjected to different concentrations of sodium chloride, ranging from 89 to 800 m-osmol/kg, and also to a variety of solutions of similar osmolarity (155–175 m-osmol/kg), e.g. magnesium sulphate, urea, potassium chloride, sodium chloride and sucrose. The overall rate of uptake was faster in the larger worms but, per unit surface area, small worms had an uptake rate three times that of the large individuals.The prediction that the body wall of female P. oncorhynchi is permeable to ions such as Na+ was confirmed using radiolabelled 22Na and by bringing about changes in the osmolarity of worms subjected, for 5 min periods, to hyperosmotic solutions of sodium chloride and sucrose. The survival of P. oncorhynchi in the body cavity of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, is dependent upon the permeable nature of the body wall of P. oncorhynchi allowing the worm to function as an ‘osmometer', because as the anadromous O. nerka enters fresh water, the osmolarity of its blood plasma is known to decrease by about 15%. At the time of spawning in Cultus Lake, British Columbia, the body fluids of both female P. oncorhynchi and O. nerka are isosmotic, indicating that the worms are able to equilibrate to the above changes and at the same time preventing premature bursting in the body cavity of its host. However, osmotic invasion of water must occur far quicker than ionic exchange since complete release of larvae does take place when female worms pass out into the redd along with the eggs of the fish and burst.

Changes in Body Chloride, Density, and Water Content of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho (O. kisutch) Salmon Fry when Transferred from Fresh Water to Sea Water

1951 ◽  
Vol 8b (3) ◽  
pp. 164-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Safford Black
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Salmon Fry

Changes in body chloride, density and water content of chum and coho salmon fry were measured when these fish were transferred from fresh water to sea water, and the reverse. Both species tolerated 50% sea water (8–9‰ Cl). Chum fry survived direct transfer from fresh water to sea water (15–17‰ Cl), but showed a marked increase in body chloride during the first 12 hours, followed by a return to the normal range between 12 and 24 hours. Coho, however, died within the first 36 hours, after a 60% increase in chloride. Coho fry lost more water than chum fry after introduction to sea water. The density of both species approximated that of the water within an hour of transfer to the new medium. When returned to fresh water after 12 hours in sea water the body chloride, density, and water content of both species regained normal levels within 10 hours. Chum salmon go to sea as fry, whereas cohos remain in fresh water a year or more. Although coho fry seem capable of some adjustment to sea water after a preliminary period in 50% sea water, permanent acclimatization could not be demonstrated under the experimental conditions.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN LIVING IN A HIGH-MOUNTAIN REGION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 520-526
Author(s):  
Feruza A. Kochkorova ◽  
R. M. Atambaeva ◽  
O. T. Kasymov
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
High Mountain Area

The study included 10,480 urban and rural schoolchildren aged 7-17 years, born in the high-mountain area of the Naryn oblast of the Kyrgyz Republic, located at more than 2500 m above sea level. Statistical parameters of body length and weight, chest circumference were studied. The greatest increment in the body length in urban boys falls to 14 years (rate of increase 5.69%), and that for rural boys - to 13 years of age (rate of increase 5.18%), the annual increase in the body length in urban and rural schoolgirls is lower than the average increase in boys by 31% and 16 % respectively. The greatest gender differences between boys and girls are found at the age of 12 years, after which the rate of longitudinal growth of girls decreases. In boys, increments in longitudinal height sharply rise at the age of 14 years. Average arithmetic indices of body length and weight of schoolchildren in Bishkek (2013) are significantly higher in all age groups as compared to the body length and weight of schoolchildren in the city of Naryn.

Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1987 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bolton ◽  
N. L. Collie ◽  
H. Kawauchi ◽  
T. Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Short Time

ABSTRACT The seawater-adapting actions of GH, which are independent of growth, were studied in juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Hormones examined were chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) GH (sGH) and prolactin (sPRL), and ovine GH (oGH). Plasma Na levels of freshwater-adapted fish peaked 24 h after transfer to 67% seawater and remained high for at least 48 h. Twenty-four hours after transfer, plasma Na levels were inversely correlated to body weight. In order to limit size and growth effects in all subsequent experiments, fish having a narrow range of body weights, fed a fixed diet, and injected with hormones over a short time-period were used. Plasma Na levels 24 h after transfer to 80% seawater were reduced significantly by sGH (0·25 and 2·5 μg/g) and oGH (2·5 μg/g) compared with saline injections, whereas sPRL (2·5 μg/g) had no significant effect. All the GH-treated fish had lower plasma Mg levels than controls; Ca levels were significantly reduced by the high dose of sGH. Salmon prolactin had no effect on concentrations of divalent ions. When the effects of a range of doses (0·01–1·25 μg/g) of sGH on plasma ion levels was tested, 0·25 μg/g was the most potent in reducing Na and Mg levels, while 1·25 μg/g alone reduced plasma Ca concentrations significantly. These studies show that the seawater-adapting actions of GH in trout are specific to that hormone and are not consequent to an increase in size. J. Endocr. (1987) 112, 63–68

Pre-natal growth in Romney X Southdown cross and Austrailan Merino sheep. II. Carcass conformation in the two breed groups

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Breed Group ◽  
Carcass Conformation ◽  
Total Body

The carcass conformation of the sheep foetus has been studied during the period from 50 to 140 days after conception by taking a series of linear measurements over the surface of the body. The mean lengths and the rates of increase in the length of such measurements, with increases in foetal age, are compared between the Romney southdown cross and the Australian Merino breed groups, and also between sexes within each breed group. Although these differences have been analysed on an age basis, the relationship between age and total body length is similar in the two breeds and therefore the same breed effects should also be found if total body length is taken as the primary growth measurement. Further, the rates of increase in length of the measurements of the parts of the body, relative to the rate of increase in total body length measured as curved crown-rump, have been estimated, foetal age being used as the independent variable rather than total body length. The results show that ram foetuses have larger head and neck measurements in both breed groups during early foetal life. The major difference between breeds is the greater width and circumference of the neck and trunk in the Romney x Southdown cross. In addition, the width of the head and the length of the nose are higher in the Romney x Southdown cross, while the humerus head is displaced forward and downward in this breed group, giving a relatively longer and deeper trunk and a shorter neck than the Merino. The allometric growth gradients are broadly similar to those for other mammals, and also to measurements obtained by other workers for the sheep during pre-natal life. No conclusive evidence was obtained to show whether or to what extent the breed differences resulted from alterations to the allometric growth rates or to changes in the dimensions of the parts during morphogenesis. The results do indicate, however, that the alterations to early-developing parts such as the head may result partly or wholly from changes in the initial dimensions, whereas changed in the allometric growth rates appear to produce the differences in the width and circumference of the neck and trunk. The latter effect may also be determined to a relatively greater extent by maternal influences.

Age Determination from Scales of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. LaLanne ◽  
Gunnar Safsten
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
The North ◽  
Annulus Formation

The methodology of age determination from scales of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is reviewed. Scales from chum salmon caught in the North Pacific Ocean and streams of North America were studied. Most annuli are of two main types: a poorly formed circulus usually "cut over" by the first circulus of new growth, and what appears to be a normal circulus in the annual ring. The annulus of type 1 may be independent of the annual ring. Annuli may be at the anterior or posterior margins of the annual ring, or within it. Direct evidence that annuli are recognizable age indices was obtained from scales of marked fish.An average of 98% of the age determinations by three scale readers agreed with the known age of the fish. The time of annulus formation or start of new growth extends from as early as March to the end of June and possibly to the end of July. The annual ring begins to form near the end of the season (as early as August) or when new growth occurs in the spring or summer. Sometimes an annual ring is not formed. Scales taken from various parts of the body had the same number of annuli.

Lymphangiomatosis of the Body Wall: A Report of Two Cases Associated with Chylothorax and Fatal Outcome

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Moerman ◽  
Chris Van Geet ◽  
Hugo Devlieger
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
The Body
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document