THE CHEMOTACTIC RESPONSES THAT DETERMINE HOST SPECIFICITY IN AN OLIGOPHAGOUS INSECT (PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CURT.) LEPIDOPTERA)

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Thorsteinson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Feeding Stimulants ◽  
Olfactory Sense ◽  
Cruciferous Plants ◽  
Gustatory Perception ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The mustard oil glucosides, sinigrin, sinalbin, and glucocheirolin and the musard oil, allyl isothiocyanate, as well as the enzyme myrosin, were prepared from the seeds of cruciferous plants. Pieris brassicae (L.) and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) were induced to feed on leaves of plant species which they normally refuse by painting the leaves with a solution of sinigrin or sinalbin but would not feed on such leaves treated with allyl mustard oil. Feeding responses of P. maculipennis larvae were tested on agar gels containing the powdered, dehydrated leaves of various plants alone and in combinations with glucosides, mustard oil, and myrosin. The amount of feeding was estimated by counts of frass pellets produced by the larvae during the test period. It was shown that sinigrin, sinalbin, and glucocheirolin are feeding stimulants for P. maculipennis larvae. Since the larvae feed readily on at least 40 plant species which are reported to contain mustard oil glucosides it was concluded that the mustard oil glucosides are specific feeding stimulants for this insect. The threshold concentrations for P. maculipennis of gustatory perception of sinigrin under these conditions are of the order of 2 p.p.m. for sinigrin and about 20 p.p.m. for sinalbin. Optimum feeding responses were obtained only when the glucoside is offered in a medium containing other nutrients in the form of powdered, dehydrated leaves or artificial mixtures. In some experiments the addition of allyl mustard oils slightly increased feeding on media containing sinigrin. The addition of viable myrosin to diets containing sinigrin decreased the feeding responses. Since heat-killed myrosin has no repellent effect, it appears that the action of myrosin is due to the depletion by hydrolysis of the quantity of sinigrin in the medium. Apparently the fission products of the hydrolysis including mustard oil are less attractive than the parent glucosides. Since hydrolysis of glucoside will release only minute amounts of mustard oil in the short space of time intervening between biting and swallowing it is unlikely that the gustatory receptors will be exposed to appreciable concentrations of mustard oil as compared with glucoside. On the other hand it is possible that infinitesimal amounts of mustard oil vapor emanating from leaves may stimulate the olfactory sense which is characteristically extremely sensitive in insects. While hunger induces sustained feeding in the absence of mustard oil provided a gustatory stimulant is present, such an olfactory stimulus might conceivably initiate feeding more promptly. This would account for observations in some experiments that larvae produced more frass when feeding on media containing a little mustard oil as well as sinigrin. The power of sinigrin to induce P. maculipennis to feed on nutrient media makes possible the development of an artificial medium for studies of the nutrition of this phytophagous insect.

FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF INSECT–HOST PLANT RELATIONSHIPS IN AN OLIGOPHAGOUS INSECT, PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CURTIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Nayar ◽  
A. J. Thorsteinson
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Feeding Stimulants ◽  
Neutral Alumina ◽  
Powder Activated Carbon ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Relative Palatability

Samples of nine crystalline mustard oil glucosides including sinigrin were isolated from plant tissues of species in the families Cruciferae and Tropaeolaceae. The isolations were achieved by the use of column chromatography on neutral alumina, cellulose powder, activated carbon; by paper and thin-layer chromatography; and by crystallization from methanol–water mixtures.Feeding responses of fifth instar larvae of Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) were tested on agar–cellulose diets containing individual glucosides at various concentrations in the presence or absence of 0.1 M glucose. The amount of feeding was measured by counts of frass pellets produced by the larvae during the test period. All the above-mentioned glucosides were found to act as feeding stimulants for the larvae of P. maculipennis. However, the relative palatability of these glucosides at the same concentration (20 mg per 10 ml of water in the diet) was found to be in the following order: progoitrin > glucocheirolin = glucoconringiin = glucoerucin > glucotropaeolin = sinigrin = sinalbin > gluconasturtiin = gluconapin. Higher concentrations of the glucosides, gluconasturtiin, and gluconapin were toxic to the larvae.

HOST SELECTION BY THE ADULT CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE): EFFECT OF GLUCOSINOLATES AND COMMON NUTRIENTS ON OVIPOSITION

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (10) ◽  
pp. 1021-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. S. Nair ◽  
F. L. McEwen
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot

AbstractIn Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) little oviposition occurred when access to host plant material was denied. The mustard oil, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), stimulated the flies into greater activity and attracted them to its source. Sinigrin and four other glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides) tested induced oviposition. AITC by itself did not induce, oviposition, but in the presence of a glucosinolate, small concentrations of AITC caused an increase in the number of eggs laid. Glucose, sucrose, casein, wheat germ oil, and a mixture of B-vitamins did not influence oviposition at the concentrations tested, but casein hydrolysate inhibited it. The role of glucosinolates and common nutrients in host selection by H. brassicae is discussed.

Influence of Temperature, Glucose, and Iron on Sinigrin Degradation by Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 2133-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIN N. OLAIMAT ◽  
BABAK SOBHI ◽  
RICHARD A. HOLLEY
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Mueller Hinton Broth

Factors, including pH, temperature, glucose concentration, and iron compounds, affect the activity of plant myrosinase and, consequently, endogenous glucosinolate degradation. These factors also may affect glucosinolate degradation by bacterial myrosinase. Therefore, this study examined the effect of temperature (4 to 21°C), glucose (0.05 to 1.0%), and iron (10 mM ferrous or ferric) on sinigrin degradation by Salmonella or Listeria monocytogenes cocktails in Mueller-Hinton broth and the effect of sinigrin degradation on bacterial viability. The degradation of sinigrin by both pathogens increased with higher temperatures (21 > 10 > 4°C). Salmonella and L. monocytogenes cocktails hydrolyzed 59.1 and 53.2% of sinigrin, respectively, at 21°C up to 21 days. Both iron compounds significantly enhanced sinigrin degradation by the pathogens. On day 7, sinigrin was not detected when the Salmonella cocktail was cultured with ferrous iron or when the L. monocytogenes cocktail was cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth containing ferric iron. In contrast, ferric and ferrous iron inhibited the activity of 0.002 U/ml myrosinase from white mustard by 63 and 35%, respectively, on day 1. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes cocktails were able to degrade >80% of sinigrin at 0.05 and 0.1% glucose; however, 0.25 to 1.0% glucose significantly reduced sinigrin degradation. Although both pathogens significantly degraded sinigrin, the allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) recoverable was ≤6.2 ppm, which is not inhibitory to Salmonella or L. monocytogenes. It is probable that the gradual hydrolysis of sinigrin to form AITC either did not produce an inhibitory level of AITC or the AITC formed was unstable in the aqueous medium and rapidly decomposed to new compounds that were less bactericidal against the pathogens.

Oviposition and the hatching of the eggs of Pieris brassicae (L.) in a laboratory culture

1962 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. L. David ◽  
B. O. C. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Green Paper ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Honey Solution ◽  
Different Cultures

The work described in this paper forms part of an investigation into the conditions which influence the breeding of Pieris brassicae (L.) in captivity. Observations have been made on the behaviour of the females at the time of oviposition, on factors which influence oviposition, on the appearance and weight of the eggs and on their fertility and hatching.Females which are ready to lay seek out green surfaces and, as they respond eagerly to plants from which they are separated by glass, it seems that plant odour plays little part in the attraction. Once they have alighted, however, the insects drum on the surface with their fore legs to test its suitability. Normally they lay only on plants which contain the mustard-oil glucosides, but they have been observed to oviposit on broad bean (Vicia faba), on which the larvae do not survive. Sinegrin applied to green paper stimulates the female to lay. Provided she is standing on an acceptable surface she will oviposit on any other surface, for example, filter paper or glass. The eggs are normally deposited on the under surface of the leaves. This is largely due to a preference for the physical underside but the insects also seem to prefer the morphological under surface of the leaf to the upper surface. When laying an egg, the female locates one previously laid with the tip of her abdomen and so builds up the regularly arranged batches.The females lived and oviposited as well in small cages as in large cages. They laid more eggs per day, and more eggs in a batch, at 30°C. than at 20°C. Both numbers increased until the female was about six to seven days old and then declined. Oviposition occurs at low light intensities. Fertilised females laid very many more eggs than virgin females. Oviposition occurred two to three days after copulation, and most females oviposited six or seven times in eight days. The number of eggs laid by starving insects is low: it is higher for insects given water or one per cent, honey solution and very much higher for insects given ten per cent, honey solution. Sucrose solutions are as satisfactory as honey solution.When first laid, the eggs of P. brassicae are yellow in colour and become more orange as they develop. Some batches of newly laid eggs are of a distinctly darker yellow than others but, as it is believed that the eggs are fertilised only just before oviposition, it seems that this colour difference cannot be due to the eggs being in somewhat different stages of development. The number of ribs on the shells seems to vary in different cultures.Batches of eggs which are laid within an hour of each other may begin to hatch several hours apart, and the time taken for all the eggs in one batch to hatch was found to range from two hours to about seven. A fertilised female lays scarcely any infertile eggs. The fertility after one mating falls below 100 per cent, after about 14 days, but normally the female mates again before this time. Temperature naturally affects the time taken by the eggs to hatch. The shortest time was about 3¾ days at 28°C.; the longest observed was 17 days at 12·5°C.The eggs cannot be stored for more than ten days at 3·5°C. and 50 per cent, relative humidity. Eggs will develop and hatch at very low humidities. If the eggs are detached from the surface on which they are laid by the use of acetone their capacity to develop and hatch in air dried over phosphorus pentoxide is substantially reduced.

Optimal hydrolysis of mustard oil to erucic acid: A biocatalytic approach

2012 ◽  
Vol 181-182 ◽  
pp. 542-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debajyoti Goswami ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Basu ◽  
Sirshendu De
Keyword(s):  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

scholarly journals Integrated management of tobacco caterpillar and cabbage butterfly with host plant resistant and organic amendment

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-630
Author(s):  
S Talukder ◽  
MMH Khan ◽  
J Ferdous ◽  
MO Faruq
Keyword(s):  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Organic Amendment ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Total Head ◽  
Mustard Oil Cake ◽  
And Control ◽  
Tobacco Caterpillar

Field study was conducted at Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali during 2013-2014 to know the effect of cabbage variety and organic agriculture on the damage potential of Spodoptera litura F. and Pieris brassicae L. Two cabbage varieties viz., Atlas-70 (V1) and Super tropic (V2), and organic agriculture like, M0 = control, M1 = cowdung @ 6 kgplot-1, M2 = mustard oilcake @ 750gplot-1, M3 = Vermicompost @ 3 kgplot-1 and M4 = Trichoderma @ 3 kgplot-1 were included in this study. Treatment combinations were V1M0, V1M1, V1M2, V1M3, V1M4, V2M0, V2M1, V2M2, V2M3 and V2M4. Results revealed that the lowest number of infested plants/plot and percent infested leavesplant-1 were found in variety Super tropic and trichoderma (V2M4) applied plots followed by variety Atlas-70 and vermicompost (V1M3) applied plots on different dates of observation while the highest number of infested plantsplot-1 and percent infested leaves plant-1 were in variety Super tropic and mustard oil cake (V2M2) applied plots followed by variety Atlas-70 and control (V1M0) applied plots. The highest number and percent (4.00 plot-1) and (20.00% plot-1) of infested heads were found in variety Super tropic and mustard oil cake (V2M2) applied plots followed by variety Atlas-70 and control plots (V1M0) (16.65%). The highest number of healthy heads plot-1 (19.67), healthy head yield (71.47 t ha-1) and total head yield (72.14 t ha-1) were recorded in variety Super tropic and Tricoderma (V2M4) applied plots followed by variety Atlas-70 and vermicompost (V1M3) (70.53 t ha-1) applied plots while the lowest number of healthy heads per plot, healthy head yield and total head yield were recorded in in variety Super tropic and mustard oil cake (V2M2) applied plots followed by variety Atlas-70 and control plots (V1M0).Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(4): 619-630, December 2018

Active Packaging of Cheese with Allyl Isothiocyanate, an Alternative to Modified Atmosphere Packaging

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2430-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
METTE WINTHER ◽  
PER VÆGGEMOSE NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Modified Atmosphere Packaging ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Penicillium Roqueforti ◽  
Antimicrobial Compound ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Penicillium Commune

The natural antimicrobial compound allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), found in mustard oil, is effective against cheese-related fungi both on laboratory media and cheese. Penicillium commune, Penicillium roqueforti, and Aspergillus flavus were more sensitive to AITC when it was added just after the spores had completed 100% germination and branching had started on Czapek yeast extract agar than were spores in the dormant phase. The use of 1 AITC label (Wasaouro interior labels, LD30D, 20 by 20 mm) in combination with atmospheric air in the packaging extended the shelf life of Danish Danbo cheese from 4½ to 13 weeks. Two AITC labels extended the shelf life from 4½ to 28 weeks. Both 1 and 2 labels in combination with modified atmosphere packaging extended the shelf life of the cheese from 18 to 28 weeks. This study showed that AITC was absorbed in the cheese, but it was not possible to detect any volatile breakdown products from AITC in the cheese. Cheese stored for up to 12 weeks with an AITC label had an unacceptable mustard flavor. The mustard flavor decreased to an acceptable level between weeks 12 and 28. Cheese stored in atmospheric air had a fresher taste without a CO2 off-flavor than did cheese stored in modified atmosphere packaging. AITC may be a good alternative to modified atmosphere packaging for cheese. The extended shelf life of cheese in the package is very desirable: the cheese can be transported longer distances, and the packaging can be used for the final maturing of the cheese. Furthermore, AITC can address problems such as pinholes and leaking seals in cheese packaging.

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