The cybrid invasion: widespread postglacial dispersal by Phoxinus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) cytoplasmic hybrids

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Mee ◽  
E.B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Glacial Refugium ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
Postglacial Colonization ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
Cytoplasmic Hybrids ◽  
Mtdna Introgression ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Peculiar reproductive processes that arise during sperm-dependent asexual reproduction may have important roles in allowing coexistence of sperm-dependent asexuals and their sexually reproducing hosts. Though typically clonal, nonclonal reproduction in the hybrid gynogenetic species Phoxinus eos–neogaeus can reestablish sexual northern redbelly dace ( Phoxinus eos (Cope, 1861)) nuclear genomes. These hybrid-derived P. eos biotypes, known as cybrids, have finescale dace ( Phoxinus neogaeus Cope, 1867) mitochondria but are otherwise indistinguishable from “pure” P. eos. Our goal was to determine the extent of the cybrids’ distribution, and hence to evaluate their role in mechanisms of asexual–sexual coexistence. We also set out to determine the geographic origins of P. eos–neogaeus and cybrids. Our sampling revealed that all Phoxinus species and biotypes are widely distributed in North America, but that cybrids have replaced pure P. eos, or preempted postglacial colonization by pure P. eos, in the northern portion of their distribution. Also, all P. eos–neogaeus and cybrids had mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences closely related to a lineage originating from a Mississippi glacial refugium. No P. eos–neogaeus or cybrids were derived from a divergent P. neogaeus lineage discovered in Atlantic Canada. It is therefore unlikely that P. eos–neogaeus or cybrids originated in any Atlantic glacial refugia. If P. neogaeus mitochondria are better adapted to northern environments, widespread mtDNA introgression may facilitate coexistence in northern areas by reducing the disparity in fitness between P. eos–neogaeus and its sexual hosts.

Mollusc successions reveal northward postglacial shifts of Alpine species ranges (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic)

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362110116
Author(s):  
Lucie Juřičková ◽  
Jakub Menšík ◽  
Jitka Horáčková ◽  
Vojen Ložek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Bohemian Massif ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Glacial Refugium ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Late Glacial And Holocene

The Alps are an important hotspot of species diversity and endemism, as well as a presumed glacial refugium of several species’ groups including land snails. The recent ranges of Alpine endemics are well known, but their fluctuations during the postglacial period mirroring local climate changes are understudied. By analysing five Late Glacial and Holocene mollusc successions from two areas in the southernmost part of the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic) situated about 100 km north of the Alps, we reveal details of these fluctuations. The Alpine endemic rocky dweller Chilostoma achates had reached the southern part of the Bohemian Massif already in the Late Glacial and disappeared in the Mid-Holocene canopy forest optimum. On the contrary, the northern boundaries of Alpine canopy forest epigeic snails extended further north than today at the turn of the Middle and Late-Holocene, pointing to a more favourable forest microclimate. The earliest known occurrences of several temperate canopy forest central European species, especially Causa holosericea and Discus perspectivus, imply the role of different areas in the Alps as their glacial refugia.

Integrative taxonomic revision of the New Caledonian endemic genus Taophila Heller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-74
Author(s):  
Leonardo Platania ◽  
Jesús Gómez-Zurita
Keyword(s):  
New Caledonia ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
Endemic Genus ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Mtdna Introgression ◽  
Eleven Species ◽  
Mtdna Genealogy

Abstract There are 96 endemic species of Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) described from New Caledonia, but some estimates propose that the actual number could be at least twice this figure. Not surprisingly, when a particular species assemblage has been revised, the number of species in that group increases significantly. Here, we revise the New Caledonian endemic genus Taophila Heller, 1916, the best studied in this fauna and currently known to include eleven species, one in the subgenus Jolivetiana Gómez-Zurita & Cardoso, 2014, and ten in the nominal subgenus. The analysis of morphological differences in a large sample of Taophila and the validation of the resulting species hypotheses in an integrative fashion based on a phylogenetic analysis of partial mtDNA sequences (cox1 and rrnS) resulted in the addition of eleven more taxa. Taxonomic splits mainly reinterpreted the previous observation of mtDNA paraphyly affecting T. subsericea Heller, 1916, shown to represent a complex of species mostly distinguishable by diagnostic differences among females. The new species described are: T. bituberculata n. sp., T. carinata n. sp., T. dapportoi n. sp., T. davincii n. sp., T. draco n. sp., T. goa n. sp., T. hackae n. sp., T. samuelsoni n. sp., T. sideralis n. sp., T. taaluny n. sp. and T. wanati n. sp. These additions and the synonymy T. subsericea Heller = Stethotes mandjeliae Jolivet, Verma & Mille, 2010 n. syn., bring to 21 the total number of species in Taophila. Moreover, we also found the first evidence of mtDNA introgression between species of New Caledonian Eumolpinae, resulting from putative recent hybridization of T. subsericea and T. dapportoi where these species coexist. We describe a model incorporating the mtDNA genealogy of T. subsericea about the conditions that may have favored the secondary geographic encounter required for the hybridization of these species.

scholarly journals Loxodonta Localizer: A Software Tool for Inferring the Provenance of African Elephants and Their Ivory Using Mitochondrial DNA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhao ◽  
Yasuko Ishida ◽  
Cory E Green ◽  
Alexis G Davidson ◽  
Frankie A T Sitam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Query Sequence ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Interactive Software ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Source Populations

Abstract Illegal hunting is a major threat to the elephants of Africa, with more elephants killed by poachers than die from natural causes. DNA from tusks has been used to infer the source populations for confiscated ivory, relying on nuclear genetic markers. However, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences can also provide information on the geographic origins of elephants due to female elephant philopatry. Here, we introduce the Loxodonta Localizer (LL; www.loxodontalocalizer.org), an interactive software tool that uses a database of mtDNA sequences compiled from previously published studies to provide information on the potential provenance of confiscated ivory. A 316 bp control region sequence, which can be readily generated from DNA extracted from ivory, is used as a query. The software generates a listing of haplotypes reported among 1917 African elephants in 24 range countries, sorted in order of similarity to the query sequence. The African locations from which haplotype sequences have been previously reported are shown on a map. We demonstrate examples of haplotypes reported from only a single locality or country, examine the utility of the program in identifying elephants from countries with varying degrees of sampling, and analyze batches of confiscated ivory. The LL allows for the source of confiscated ivory to be assessed within days, using widely available molecular methods that do not depend on a particular platform or laboratory. The program enables identification of potential regions or localities from which elephants are being poached, with capacity for rapid identification of populations newly or consistently targeted by poachers.

scholarly journals Adaptive phylogeography: functional divergence between haemoglobins derived from different glacial refugia in the bank vole

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1786) ◽  
pp. 20140021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Kotlík ◽  
Silvia Marková ◽  
Libor Vojtek ◽  
Antonín Stratil ◽  
Vlastimil Šlechta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bank Vole ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Globin Gene ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Clethrionomys Glareolus ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Source Populations

Over the years, researchers have used presumptively neutral molecular variation to infer the origins of current species' distributions in northern latitudes (especially Europe). However, several reported examples of genic and chromosomal replacements suggest that end-glacial colonizations of particular northern areas may have involved genetic input from different source populations at different times, coupled with competition and selection. We investigate the functional consequences of differences between two bank vole ( Clethrionomys glareolus ) haemoglobins deriving from different glacial refugia, one of which partially replaced the other in Britain during end-glacial climate warming. This allows us to examine their adaptive divergence and hence a possible role of selection in the replacement. We determine the amino acid substitution Ser52Cys in the major expressed β-globin gene as the allelic difference. We use structural modelling to reveal that the protein environment renders the 52Cys thiol a highly reactive functional group and we show its reactivity in vitro . We demonstrate that possessing the reactive thiol in haemoglobin increases the resistance of bank vole erythrocytes to oxidative stress. Our study thus provides striking evidence for physiological differences between products of genic variants that spread at the expense of one another during colonization of an area from different glacial refugia.

Mitochondrial DNA and the phylogeography of Newfoundland black bears

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Paetkau ◽  
Curtis Strobeck
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Glacial Refugium ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Postglacial Colonization ◽  
Dna Molecule

The degree of genetic differentiation separating Newfoundland black bears (Ursus americanus hamiltoni) from continental Canadian black bears (U. a. americanus and U. a. cinnamomum) was assessed using sequence data from part of the mitochondrial DNA molecule. All of the individuals from insular Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and Quebec, and most of the individuals from Alberta, had very closely related haplotypes. Haplotypes from Newfoundland animals were more similar to those in eastern Canada than the eastern Canadian lineages were to related lineages in Alberta black bears. Given the previous observation of reduced genetic diversity in Newfoundland black bears, this subspecies likely arose through rapid genetic drift associated with a founder effect during postglacial colonization of the island, and not through long periods of isolation in a glacial refugium.

scholarly journals A Disjunctive Marginal Edge of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Oak (Quercus gilva) in East Asia: The High Genetic Distinctiveness and Unusual Diversity of Jeju Island Populations and Insight into a Massive, Independent Postglacial Colonization

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1114
Author(s):  
Eun-Kyeong Han ◽  
Won-Bum Cho ◽  
Jong-Soo Park ◽  
In-Su Choi ◽  
Myounghai Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Jeju Island ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Postglacial Colonization ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure ◽  
Edge Populations

Jeju Island is located at a marginal edge of the distributional range of East Asian evergreen broad-leaved forests. The low genetic diversity of such edge populations is predicted to have resulted from genetic drift and reduced gene flow when compared to core populations. To test this hypothesis, we examined the levels of genetic diversity of marginal-edge populations of Quercus gilva, restricted to a few habitats on Jeju Island, and compared them with the southern Kyushu populations. We also evaluated their evolutionary potential and conservation value. The genetic diversity and structure were analyzed using 40 polymorphic microsatellite markers developed in this study. Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) has been employed to develop our insights, which can be inferred from historical distribution changes. Contrary to our expectations, we detected a similar level of genetic diversity in the Jeju populations, comparable to that of the southern Kyushu populations, which have been regarded as long-term glacial refugia with a high genetic variability of East Asian evergreen trees. We found no signatures of recent bottlenecks in the Jeju populations. The results of STRUCTURE, neighbor-joining phylogeny, and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) with a significant barrier clearly demonstrated that the Jeju and Kyushu regions are genetically distinct. However, ENM showed that the probability value for the distribution of the trees on Jeju Island during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) converge was zero. In consideration of these results, we hypothesize that independent massive postglacial colonization from a separate large genetic source, other than Kyushu, could have led to the current genetic diversity of Jeju Island. Therefore, we suggest that the Jeju populations deserve to be separately managed and designated as a level of management unit (MU). These findings improve our understanding of the paleovegetation of East Asian evergreen forests, and the microevolution of oaks.

scholarly journals A 2000 km genetic wake yields evidence for northern glacial refugia and hybrid zone movement in a pair of songbirds

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1657) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meade Krosby ◽  
Sievert Rohwer
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Zone ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Glacial Refugium ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotypes ◽  
The Pacific

Hybrid zones are natural experiments that expose the forces maintaining species differences. But for cases where a trait of one of the hybridizing pair appears shifted into the range of the other, the underlying mechanism can be difficult to infer. For example, hybridization between hermit warbler ( Dendroica occidentalis ) and Townsend's warbler ( Dendroica townsendi ) is restricted to narrow hybrid zones in Washington and Oregon, yet hermit mtDNA can be found in phenotypically pure Townsend's populations up to 2000 km north along the Pacific coast. This could reflect introgression of selectively favoured hermit mitochondria north across the hybrid zones, or a neutral genetic wake left behind following southern zone movement. Hermit mitochondrial haplotypes in populations of coastal Townsend's exhibit relatively high genetic diversity and significant divergence from those found in populations of hermit warblers. This contradicts the predictions of selective introgression, but is consistent with a northern population of hermits diverging in a glacial refugium before being replaced by Townsend's via aggressive hybridization. Previous field studies showing Townsend's males to be competitively superior to hermit males support this scenario, and suggest that the extreme hybrid zone movement evidenced by the hermit mitochondrial wake represents an extinction in progress.

scholarly journals Fine-Scale Spatial Patterns of the Genetic Diversity of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) around a Mountainous Glacial Refugium in the SW Balkans

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 725
Author(s):  
Olympia Tsipidou ◽  
Ludger Leinemann ◽  
Georgios Korakis ◽  
Reiner Finkeldey ◽  
Oliver Gailing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Glacial Refugium ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Dna Microsatellites ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most important forest trees in Europe and its current broad expanse over the continent is believed to be the outcome of the Holocene postglacial expansion of lineages originating from different glacial refugia. Studies using gene markers, pollen profiles and fossils suggest the main locations of glacial refugia in Southern Europe. In this study, we conduct a fine-scale genetic study on the beech populations surrounding the Almopia basin, an area that is said to have hosted one of the main European glacial refugia for several plant and animal species during the Pleistocene Epoch. We test the hypothesis of the existence of a local refugium in the study area for beech to understand the spatial genetic pattern of the putative refugial beech populations in the area and to investigate possible genetic connections between the local beech populations and the European expansion of the species. The genetic diversity of 100 sampled trees in 20 plots representing the expansion of beech in the area was studied using chloroplast and nuclear DNA microsatellites (cpSSR and nSSR, respectively). All three cpSSR regions were polymorphic, resulting in eight haplotypes, separated spatially in two distinct groups (one on the western and the other on the eastern part of the Almopia basin) that correspond to two different postglacial beech lineages. Furthermore, the cpSSR sequences of the eastern lineage are genetically identical to those of beech populations extending over central and northern Europe. The nSSR markers were highly polymorphic, and the trees studied were separated into two genetic groups that coincided with the cpSSR ones in locations where the topography is more pronounced. These results indicated that the Almopia region was indeed a major refugium for beech that possibly produced two main postglacial lineages for Europe, one of which is connected with the majority of beech populations growing on the continent. These southern refugial populations are important diversity centers that need to be the subject of special management and conservation.

scholarly journals The relationship between plankton, capelin, and cod under different temperature conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1281-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.L. Orlova ◽  
V.D. Boitsov ◽  
A.V. Dolgov ◽  
G.B. Rudneva ◽  
V.N. Nesterova
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Feeding Intensity ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Calanus Glacialis ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Prey Overlap

Abstract On the basis of data from cold (1982 and 1987) and warm summers (1983, 1984, 1990, and 1992), we explore the relationship between the phytoplankton bloom and the timing and intensity of the zooplankton bloom. In warm years, there is more overlap in the time between the zooplankton and the phytoplankton bloom. In northern areas (76–78°N) with seasonal ice, the phytoplankton bloom and reproductive processes in Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus glacialis continue well into August, evidenced by the presence of an abundance of nauplii and younger copepodites. We analyse feeding intensity of capelin and its distribution relative to food availability and capelin abundance. The extent to which feeding areas of cod and capelin, its major prey, overlap is subject to the abundance of these species, distribution of zooplankton, and sea temperature in a given year.

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