Implications of a high-energy and low-protein diet on the body composition, fitness, and competitive abilities of black (Ursus americanus) and grizzly (Ursus arctos) bears

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 546-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.N. McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Low Protein

Plants are not ideal foods for bears yet many populations are largely vegetarian. Implications of this diet on the body composition, fitness, and competiveness of black ( Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) and grizzly ( Ursus arctos L., 1758) bears have had limited field investigation. The analysis of scats of grizzly and black bears from the Flathead valley, British Columbia, suggest seasonal dietary differences between species, but >85% of the summer diet of both species were fruits that are low in protein. Body composition measurements showed bears loose fat during spring, gained fat during summer, and grizzly bears were leaner than black bears. Individual black bears gained mass up to 2.7 times faster than theory predicted. Bears rapidly gained fat but lost lean tissues while feeding on fruit, suggesting that lean tissues were used to buffer seasonal protein shortages. Comparisons among populations of grizzly bears without access to salmon revealed the amount of meat in the diet was positively related with adult female mass but negatively related with bear density. Bears have the behavioural and phenotypic plasticity which enables populations that focus their foraging on plants to have small but fat females and live at higher densities than populations that focus more on obtaining terrestrial meat.

A study of predominant aerobic microflora of black bears (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in northwestern Alberta

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Goatcher ◽  
M. W. Barrett ◽  
R. N. Coleman ◽  
A. W. L. Hawley ◽  
A. A. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bear ◽  
Streptococcus Species ◽  
Generic Composition

Swab specimens were obtained from nasal, rectal, and preputial or vaginal areas of 37 grizzly and 17 black bears, captured during May to June of 1981 to 1983, to determine the types and frequency of predominant aerobic microflora. Bacterial genera most frequently isolated from bears were Escherichia, Citrobacter, Hafnia, Proteus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus species, comprising about 65% of the isolates. Erwinia, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, and Gluconobacter/Acetobacter were also isolated but at lower frequencies (< 5%). Comparison of bacterial generic composition using similarity quotient values showed no appreciable differences between grizzly and black bear flora. Also, no outstanding differences in bacterial generic composition were observed among grizzly bear samples; however, differences were noted among black bear samples. Fungal genera most commonly encountered included Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Sporobolomyces, and Candida. In general, the microflora of both bear types were marked by generic diversity and random distribution. The majority of microorganisms isolated from the plant samples in the study area were also found in bear samples. This observation and the presence of certain water and soil bacteria in samples from bears suggest that the predominant microflora of both grizzly and black bears were transient and probably influenced by their foraging habits and surrounding environments.

Helminths of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and American black bears (Ursus americanus) in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Catalano ◽  
M. Lejeune ◽  
P. Tizzani ◽  
G.G. Verocai ◽  
H. Schwantje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Infection Parameters ◽  
American Black ◽  
American Black Bears

Between May 2011 and June 2013, we collected the carcasses and gastrointestinal tracts of 40 American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) and 13 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) from populations of Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Specimens were examined for helminths, which were identified to the species level by applying an integrated morphological and molecular approach. Our goal was to investigate parasite biodiversity and infection parameters in the sampled grizzly and black bears. We found seven parasite taxa: Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941, Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819), Uncinaria rauschi Olsen, 1968, Uncinaria yukonensis (Wolfgang, 1956), Taenia arctos Haukisalmi, Lavikainen, Laaksonen and Meri, 2011, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824), and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Yamane, Kamo, Bylund and Wikgren, 1986. The statistical significance of infection prevalence, intensity, and abundance for each helminth species was assessed relative to host species, gender, age class, sampling season, and location. This is the first unequivocal report of the potentially zoonotic tapeworms D. dendriticum and D. nihonkaiense in North American bears. Furthermore, we provide insight into the biology and ecology of the nematodes B. transfuga, D. ursi, and species of Uncinaria Frölich, 1789, and enrich the information available on the recently described tapeworm T. arctos.

SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN GRIZZLY BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS) AND BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS), FROM ALASKA, 1988 TO 1991

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno B. Chomel ◽  
Randall L. Zarnke ◽  
Rickie W. Kasten ◽  
Philip H. Kass ◽  
E. Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Serologic Survey

scholarly journals Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (Ursus americanus) prevent trabecular bone loss during disuse (hibernation)

Bone ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1186-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence ◽  
Samantha J. Wojda ◽  
Lindsay N. Barlow ◽  
Thomas D. Drummer ◽  
Alesha B. Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Ursus Arctos Horribilis ◽  
Trabecular Bone Loss

Digestibility of nutrients and milk productivity of cows when using the concentrate mixture with the inclusion of rapeseed presscake

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
L. Yarmots ◽  
G. Yarmots ◽  
A. Belenkaya
Keyword(s):  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Experimental Group

For ruminants, especially high-yielding animals in addition to the complete supply of animals with protein, its digestibility in the rumen is important. With low protein digestibility in the rumen, the released ammonia will be more effectively used by the rumen microflora, and the undigestible protein in the subsequent sections of the digestive tract can serve as a source of amino acids for the body. The use of concentrate mixtures with the inclusion of local, affordable and cheaper grain feeds, in particular a high-energy and protein ingredient- rapeseed presscake makes it possible to increase the milk productivity of cows throughout lactation. These presscakes are well balanced in their amino acid composition and belong to feeds whose protein has a low degree of digestibility in the rumen. The purpose of the researches was to study the digestibility of nutrients and milk productivity of cows when using the concentrate mixture with the inclusion of rapeseed presscake. In the scientific and economic experiment has been carried out on lactating cows, where the cows of the experimental group in the concentrate mixture of peas has been replaced with rapeseed presscake the digestibility of nutrients in the ration, energy metabolism and milk productivity have been studied. Studies have shown that almost all the nutrients were significantly better digested by the animals of the experimental group. Energy in milk was more allocated by cows of the experimental group by 6,29 MJ. From cows of the experimental group for 100 and 305 days of lactation has been obtained more milk by 6,27 and 7,06 %, respectively, than from control herdmates. The biochemical parameters of blood were within the limits of the physiological norm in animals of both groups. Thus, the replacement of peas with rapeseed presscake in the concentrate mixture did not have a negative influence on the metabolic processes and helped to increase the milk productivity of cows.

Body Composition Modifications Due to the “Search, Rescue and Survival Training” in Male Military Firefighter Cadets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Ramos de Barros ◽  
Verônica Pinto Salerno ◽  
Thalita Ponce ◽  
Míriam Raquel Meira Mainenti
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction To train and prepare cadets for a career as firefighters in Rio de Janeiro, the second-year students of the Officers Training Course are submitted to a Search, Rescue, and Survival Training (SRST) course, which is characterized by long periods of high physical exertion and sleep restriction during a 9-day instruction module, and food restriction during a 7-day survival module. The present study investigated changes in the body composition of 39 male cadets submitted to SRST during training and 4 weeks of recovery with no restrictions in food consumption. Materials and Methods Each cadet was evaluated by anthropometric measurements at six time points: pre-SRST; after the first module; after the second module; and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of recovery. Measurements included body girths and skinfolds, to estimate trunk (chest and waist) and limbs (arm and thigh) dimensions, as well as body composition. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman test were applied (depending on each data distribution). Results Statistically significant decreases in body weight (76.2; 69.8-87.2 to 63.9; 58.9-73.5 kg) and fat free mass (FFM, 69.2; 63.7-77.2 to 60.1; 56.2-68.0 kg) were observed following the second module of SRST. Following a single week of recovery, the FFM returned to pre-SRST values. Body weight returned to pre-training levels in 2 weeks. Body fat percentage and mass also significantly decreased during SRST (9.0; 7.7-12.3 to 6.5; 5.1-9.3% and 6.9; 5.6-10.0 to 6.9; 5.6-10.0 kg, respectively), which showed a slower and more gradual recovery that reached pre-SRST values after 4 weeks. The girths of arm, thigh, chest and waist significantly decreased due to SRST. The girths of the limbs (arm and thigh) returned to pre-training values after one month of recovery, while the girths of the trunk (chest and waist) did not return to pre-SRST values during the study period. Conclusions The findings suggest that men who experience periods of high energy demands and sleep restriction followed by a period of food restriction will endure unavoidable physical consequences that can be mostly reversed by a 1-month recovery.

Body composition and dietary intake in patients with head and neck cancer during radiotherapy: a longitudinal study

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2020-002359
Author(s):  
Bing Zhuang ◽  
Lichuan Zhang ◽  
Yujie Wang ◽  
Yiwei Cao ◽  
Yian Shih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

ObjectivesTo investigate the body composition and dietary intake in the patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) during radiotherapy (RT), and explore the relationship between them.MethodsThis was a prospective, longitudinal observational study. Adult patients with HNC undergoing RT between March 2017 and August 2018 were recruited. Patients’ body compositions were evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and dietary intake was recorded by 24-hour dietary recall at three time points, including baseline (T1), mid-treatment (T2) and post-treatment (T3). Patients were divided into low, middle and high energy intake groups based on the average daily energy intake (DEI). Changes in body weight (BW), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) among these three groups were compared.ResultsFrom T1 to T3, the median loss of patients’ BW, FM, FFM and SMM was 4.60, 1.90, 2.60 and 1.50 kg, respectively. The loss of BW was more dramatic from T2 to T3 than that from T1 to T2. BW loss was mainly contributed by SMM loss from T1 to T2 and by FM loss from T2 to T3. Meanwhile, patients’ dietary intake reduced during treatment. High DEI group had a significantly attenuated loss of patients’ BW, FFM, SMM and FM compared with the low DEI group.ConclusionPatients’ BW, FM, FFM and SMM all significantly reduced, especially from T2 to T3, with decreased DEI during RT, which stresses the importance of nutrition intervention during the whole course of RT.

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