Foraging space as a limited resource: inter- and intra-specific competition among sympatric pursuit-diving seabirds

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Ronconi ◽  
A.E. Burger

Competition is thought to play a fundamental role in structuring avian communities, yet this has been difficult to quantify and demonstrate in marine ecosystems. We tested for fine-scale competition over foraging space between sympatric pursuit-diving seabirds, Marbled Murrelet ( Brachyramphus marmoratus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)) and Common Murre ( Uria aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763)). We simultaneous assessed the effects of inter- and intra-specific competition among these predators, predicting that the larger Common Murres would out-compete the smaller Marbled Murrelets for foraging space. A theodolite was used to map the fine-scale (±2 m) distributions of birds on the water; distance from shore measurements and nearest-neighbour spatial statistics quantified the spatial overlap and segregation between species. Species distributions differed with respect to distance from shore, but overlapped extensively within 1200 m of the shoreline. Nearest-neighbour statistics, assessed with randomization tests, showed Marbled Murrelets foraging farther from Common Murres (mean distances 294 m) than from other Marbled Murrelets (95 m), but groups of Common Murres foraged with similar spacing among conspecifics (266 m) and competitors (186 m). These results suggest avoidance of Common Murres by Marbled Murrelets (interspecific competition) but intraspecifc competition among Common Murres. Avoidance behaviour may minimize the impacts of aggression or competition, but by avoiding Common Murres, the Marbled Murrelets may also be reducing their foraging opportunities.

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-920
Author(s):  
Alan E. Burger ◽  
Volker Bahn ◽  
Angeline R. M. Tillmanns

Abstract Much of the protected habitat available to the threatened Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus and other old-growth associated species in the Pacific Northwest is in narrow strips along the coast (e.g., parks and scenic fringes). Using data over two years from three watersheds on southwest Vancouver Island, we show that such shoreline strip forests represent suboptimal habitat for murrelets. Murrelet detections, including circling and subcanopy behaviors, were significantly lower at 30 coastal stations (20–250 m from the shoreline edge) than at 30 interior stations (1.5–21.0 km inland). Densities of predators were significantly higher at the coastal stations. The coastal trees were of similar mean height and diameter, but they had lower structural diversity and provided fewer and less suitable (thinner epiphyte cover on large boughs) nesting platforms than trees in the interior. When possible, reserves for Marbled Murrelets should be placed in interior and not shoreline forests.


The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zachariah Peery ◽  
Benjamin H. Becker ◽  
Steven R. Beissinger

Abstract The ratio of hatch-year (HY) to after-hatch-year (AHY) individuals (HY:AHY ratio) can be a valuable metric for estimating avian productivity because it does not require monitoring individual breeding sites and can often be estimated across large geographic and temporal scales. However, rigorous estimation of age ratios requires that both young and adult age classes are sampled in an unbiased manner, an assumption that is rarely tested. We estimated HY:AHY ratios for Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, using at-sea surveys and captures to assess whether age-specific differences in behavior and distribution result in biased productivity estimates in central California. AHY and HY Marbled Murrelets were distributed similarly at sea, and HY individuals did not congregate in nursery areas. Moreover, dispersal by radiomarked AHY Marbled Murrelets out of our survey area occurred at a low rate, and AHY densities were constant over the survey period, which suggests that AHY immigration and emigration did not significantly bias productivity estimates. HY density increased linearly over the survey period as expected if little dispersal occurred, which suggests that productivity estimates were not significantly biased by HY dispersal. Finally, simulation analyses indicated that annual variation in the timing of breeding resulted in only small biases in HY:AHY ratios. HY:AHY ratios were corrected for the proportion of AHY Marbled Murrelets that were incubating and the proportion of HY individuals that had not fledged at the time of sampling. Mean corrected HY:AHY ratios were low on the basis of both at-sea surveys conducted from 1996 to 2003 (0.032; SE = 0.011) and captures conducted from 1999 to 2003 (0.037; SE = 0.028), implying that productivity was poor in central California. Estimating age ratios may be an effective way of monitoring changes in reproductive success and identifying environmental factors that affect Marbled Murrelet populations, though tests of assumptions are needed in other regions. Le Rapport des Âges comme Estimateur de la Productivité: Tester les Hypothèses avec un Oiseau de Mer Menacé, Brachyramphus marmoratus


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin G. Raphael ◽  
Diane Evans Mack ◽  
Brian A. Cooper

AbstractWe used radar to count numbers of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) flying inland within 10 river drainages on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, during 1998–2000. We tested whether the numbers of murrelets entering drainages could be predicted from the amount and spatial configuration of low-elevation, late-seral forest (potential murrelet nesting habitat) within drainages. The maximal number of murrelet radar targets was positively correlated with the amount of late-seral forest in each of the three years sampled; this relationship persisted in 1999 and 2000 when controlling for drainage size. Murrelet radar counts were not correlated with the combined amounts of harvested, developed, and agricultural lands in any year. Numbers of murrelets increased as the amount of core area of late-seral forest and proximity of patches increased, and decreased with increasing amounts of edge of late-seral patches. Numbers were not correlated with the percent of late-seral forest, patch density, patch size, road density, or the overall diversity of all habitat types within landscapes. Neither the maximal nor the mean number of inbound Marbled Murrelets differed among years; the effect of year was small relative to the effect of habitat on murrelet numbers. Our results suggest that changes in the amount or distribution of nesting habitat should result in detectable changes in murrelet numbers at the scale of individual drainages. Thus, the amount and distribution of nesting habitat may play a role in the regulation of Marbled Murrelet populations, supporting the contention that providing nesting habitat is an effective conservation and restoration technique for this species.Relaciones a Escala del Paisaje entre la Abundancia de Brachyramphus marmoratus y la Distribución de Hábitat de NidificaciónResumen. Durante 1998–2000 utilizamos radares para contar el número de individuos de Brachyramphus marmoratus que volaron tierra adentro a lo largo de 10 cuencas de ríos que desaguan en la Península Olímpica, Washington, USA. Evaluamos si el número de individuos de B. marmoratus que entran por las cuencas puede ser predicho por la cantidad y configuración espacial de bosques de baja elevación que se encuentran en estadíos sucesionales tardíos (potencial hábitat de nidificación para estas aves) en cada cuenca. En cada uno de los tres años, el máximo número de individuos de B. marmoratus detectados estuvo positivamente correlacionado con la cantidad de bosque sucesional tardío; luego de controlar por el área de las cuencas esta relación persistió en 1999 y 2000. Durante todos los años, los conteos de B. marmoratus mediante radares no se correlacionaron con la cantidad combinada de tierras cosechadas, desarrolladas y agrícolas. El número de individuos de B. marmoratus aumentó con el área núcleo de bosque sucesional tardío y con el aumento de la proximidad entre parches, y decreció con el aumento de la cantidad de borde en los parches sucesionales tardíos. El número de aves no se correlacionó con el porcentaje de bosque sucesional tardío, densidad y área de parches, densidad de calles, ni diversidad total de todos los tipos de hábitats en el paisaje. Ni el número máximo ni el promedio de individuos de B. marmoratus que volaron en dirección tierra adentro diferió entre años; el efecto del año fue pequeño en comparación con el efecto del hábitat o del número de aves. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los cambios en la cantidad o distribución de hábitat para la nidificación deberían resultar en cambios detectables en el número de individuos de B. marmoratus a la escala individual de cada cuenca. Por lo tanto, la cantidad y distribución de hábitat para nidificación puede jugar un papel importante en la regulación de poblaciones de B. marmoratus, lo cual apoya la idea que proveer de hábitat para nidificación es una técnica efectiva para la conservación y restauración de esta especie.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Lougheed ◽  
Brett A. Vanderkist ◽  
Lynn W. Lougheed ◽  
Fred Cooke

AbstractWe used several methods to study the chronology and synchrony of breeding events of the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) population at Desolation Sound, British Columbia, from 1996 to 1998. The timing of breeding events varied among years; on average the breeding season lasted from 21 April to 5 September. We assessed the biases of each method used by comparing the results to the estimate of the integrated breeding chronology. Counts of hatch-year birds at sea were biased toward earlier breeders, missing an estimated 24% of the fledglings. Two other methods, physiological analysis of the yolk precursor vitellogenin from blood samples and monitoring by radio-telemetry could produce a complete distribution of breeding events if sampling were done throughout laying. Observations in the forest, date of first observation of a fledgling at sea during the breeding season, and fish-holding behavior produced insufficient data to be used as sole indicators of breeding chronology of this species. In general, breeding synchrony in alcids, assessed using data from a literature review, was unrelated to feeding habits but increased with latitude (41% of the variation was explained by latitude). Marbled Murrelets, however, bred less synchronously than predicted for an alcid at this latitude (50°N).Técnicas para Investigar la Cronología Reproductiva de Brachyramphus marmoratus en Caleta Desolación, Columbia BritánicaResumen. Utilizamos varios métodos para investigar la cronología reproductiva de la población de Brachyramphus marmoratus en la Caleta Desolación de la Columbia Británica desde 1996 a 1998. Encontramos variaciones temporales en la época reproductiva entre años. En promedio, la estación reproductiva se extendió del 21 de abril al 5 de septiembre. Evaluamos el sesgo de los métodos utilizados comparando los resultados individuales con los resultados de la cronología obtenida al integrar todos los métodos. Los conteos de juveniles en el mar estuvieron sesgados hacia aquellas aves que anidan temprano, no detectando aproximadamente 24% de los juveniles producidos en la estación reproductiva. Los otros dos métodos, análisis fisiológico de muestras de sangre para detectar el precursor de vitelogenina en la yema y monitoreo por telemetría, podrían producir una distribución completa de las etapas reproductivas siempre que el muestreo se lleve a cabo a lo largo de todo el período de puesta. Las observaciones directas en los sitios de anidación, la fecha de la primera observación de juveniles en el mar y las observaciones de aves con pescado en el pico produjeron datos insuficientes para ser considerados indicadores únicos de la cronología reproductiva para esta especie. Con base en una revisión bibliográfica se investigó la sincronía reproductiva en álcidos, encontrándose que ésta no está relacionada con hábitos alimenticios pero que aumenta con la latitud (41% de la variación fue explicada por cambios latitudinales). Sin embargo, B. marmoratus se reprodujo menos sincrónico que lo predicho para un álcido a esta latitud (50°N).


The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Cooper ◽  
Martin G. Raphael ◽  
Diane Evans Mack

Abstract We used radar to measure daily, monthly, and annual patterns of Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) abundance and movements at 12 major river valleys in the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Landward movements of murrelets peaked from ∼75 min to ∼20 min before sunrise, followed by a seaward exodus from ∼20 min before sunrise to ∼65 min after sunrise. This general pattern of a landward movement followed by a seaward exodus varied little, but the timing of the seaward exodus gradually became later from May to July. Within a morning, numbers of landward radar targets averaged twice the numbers of seaward targets, and morning counts were approximately five times evening counts. Species identification error rates were lower for landward radar counts than for seaward counts. Radar counts varied through the season, with numbers increasing from May to July, then dropping in August. Seaward counts were more variable than landward counts. There was wide overlap among months in the amount of daily variation in both landward and seaward counts. Radar appears to be a powerful, cost-effective, and non-intrusive tool that can establish an index of abundance for murrelets at specific inland breeding areas.


2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 847-852
Author(s):  
K.A. Muirhead ◽  
C.D. Malcolm ◽  
D.A. Duffus

Seabirds are known to associate with marine mammals to facilitate prey capture. These occur when mammals either force prey near the surface or provide small scraps of larger prey victims. Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861)) have been observed to provide invertebrate prey to a variety of seabird species; however, there are no published reports of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus (Gmelin, 1789)) feeding in association with gray whales. We observed Marbled Murrelets foraging within several metres of gray whales off Vancouver Island, British Columbia, feeding on epibenthic zooplankton in 2006 and 2008. Join-count statistics identified significant clustering (p = 0.1) of 258 Marbled Murrelets within 300 m of 39 feeding gray whales in June of 2006, and no association between 3 gray whales and 34 Marbled Murrelets in June and July of 2008, marking a foraging association conditional on the abundance of both gray whales and their prey, but potentially significant to Marbled Murrelet survival and fecundity.


2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle H Elliott ◽  
Miyako Hewett ◽  
Gary W Kaiser ◽  
Robert W Blake

We measured flight speeds (n = 3000) of Marbled Murrelet, Brachyramphus marmoratus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789), to determine whether flight speeds of an exceptionably fast bird coincide with the maximum-range speeds (Vmr) predicted by aerodynamic theory. The mean (±SE) speed of 22.6 ± 0.21 m·s–1 was significantly higher than the Vmr predicted by four models, using conventional values for the parasite drag coefficient (CDpar). In order for the Penny cuick model to predict a Vmr of 22 m·s–1, a CDpar of 0.05, which is lower than any previously reported, is necessary; the other models would need to assume even lower values for CDpar. We concluded that the cruising speed of Marbled Murrelets exceeds Vmr. Marbled Murrelets may exceed Vmr as a result of behavioural decisions, and we examined two behavioural hypotheses: that flight speeds exceed Vmr to (1) minimize predation rate and (2) maximize chick growth rate. However, there was no significant difference between flight speeds during high (daylight) and low (darkness) predation periods or between chick-rearing and non-breeding periods. Marbled Murrelets may also appear to fly at a speed that exceeds Vmr because the underlying aerodynamic theory is inaccurate for this species. To examine the reliability of aerodynamic theory for Marble Murrelets, we compared measured wingbeat frequencies (f) to those predicted by Pennycuick's model. The mean f was significantly lower than the fref predicted by Pennycuick's model, and generally, f = 7.9m–0.22 is a better model for auks than Pennycuick's model. In addition, the Strouhal number was particularly low (0.12 ± 0.02). We conclude that the current aerodynamic models are insufficient for an exceptionally fast-flying bird.


Author(s):  
John F. Piatt ◽  
K.J. Kuletz ◽  
A.E. Burger ◽  
Scott A. Hatch ◽  
Vicki L. Friesen ◽  
...  

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