Effects of flooding and riparian buffers on survival of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) across a flashiness gradient

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1011-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Ahlers ◽  
R. L. Schooley ◽  
E. J. Heske ◽  
M. A. Mitchell

Increased agricultural production within the Grand Prairie region, USA, has resulted in drainage of most natural wetlands within the landscape. Muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus (L., 1766)) in this region have shifted much of their distribution to riparian habitats that have unstable flow regimes and flood inundation times that could be related to position within watersheds. We investigated predation risk of radio-marked riparian muskrats during flooding events in relation to landscape position. We used known-fate models and an information–theoretic approach to examine effects of age, season, hydrology, and riparian width on weekly survival rates. During flooding events, muskrats positioned farther from headwaters were displaced for longer, as well as exposed to predation from terrestrial predators for longer, than those positioned closer to headwaters. However, this increased exposure during floods did not translate into lower survival because most mortalities were due to predation by American mink ( Neovison vison (Schreber, 1777)) along stream edges during nonflooding periods. Weekly survival of muskrats was lower in winter (mean = 0.9377, SE = 0.1793) than in nonwinter (mean = 0.9770, SE = 0.0116) and was positively related to riparian width. Larger riparian buffers can increase muskrat survival in small streams and agricultural ditches within highly altered, human-dominated agroecosystems. Our study provides a rare example of linking riparian buffers to fitness for a stream-associated organism.

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen Jehle ◽  
Amy A. Yackel Adams ◽  
Julie A. Savidge ◽  
Susan K. Skagen

AbstractReliable estimates of nest survival are essential for assessing strategies for avian conservation. We review the history of modifications and alternatives for estimating nest survival, with a focus on four techniques: apparent nest success, the Mayfield estimator, the Stanley method, and program MARK. The widely used Mayfield method avoids the known positive bias inherent in apparent nest success by estimating daily survival rates using the number of exposure days, eliminating the need to monitor nests from initiation. Concerns that some of Mayfield's assumptions were restrictive stimulated the development of new techniques. Stanley's method allows for calculation of stage-specific daily survival rates when transition and failure dates are unknown, and eliminates Mayfield's assumption that failure occurred midway through the nest-check interval. Program MARK obviates Mayfield's assumption of constant daily survival within nesting stages and evaluates variation in nest survival as a function of biologically relevant factors. These innovative methods facilitate the evaluation of nest survival using an information-theoretic approach. We illustrate use of these methods with Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) nest data from the Pawnee National Grassland, Colorado. Nest survival estimates calculated using Mayfield, Stanley, and MARK methods were similar, but apparent nest success estimates ranged 1– 24% greater than the other estimates. MARK analysis revealed that survival of Lark Bunting nests differed between site–year groups, declined with both nest age and time in season, but did not vary with weather parameters. We encourage researchers to use these approaches to gain reliable and meaningful nest survival estimates.Estimación de la Supervivencia de Nidos: Una Revisión de las Alternativas del Estimador MayfieldResumen. Es esencial contar con estimaciones confiables de la supervivencia de nidos para evaluar las estrategias de conservación de las aves. Revisamos la historia de modificaciones y las alternativas para estimar la supervivencia de nidos, enfocándonos en cuatro técnicas: éxito aparente del nido, el estimador de Mayfield, el método de Stanley y el programa MARK. El método de Mayfield, ampliamente usado, evita el conocido sesgo positivo inherente al éxito aparente del nido mediante la estimación de tasas de supervivencia diaria usando el número de días de exposición, eliminando así la necesidad de monitorear los nidos desde el inicio. Las preocupaciones de que algunos de los supuestos del método de Mayfield son restrictivos estimularon el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas. El método de Stanley permite el cálculo de tasas de supervivencia diarias específicas para cada etapa cuando las fechas de transición y fracaso son desconocidas, y elimina el supuesto del método de Mayfield que sostiene que el fracaso ocurre en el medio del intervalo de monitoreo del nido. El programa MARK elimina el supuesto del método de Mayfield sobre supervivencia diaria constante dentro de las etapas de nidificación y evalúa la variación en la supervivencia de nidos como función de factores biológicamente relevantes. Estos métodos innovadores facilitan la evaluación de la supervivencia de nidos usando un enfoque teórico-informativo. Ilustramos el uso de estos métodos con datos de nidos de Calamospiza melanocorys provenientes de Pawnee National Grassland, Colorado. Las estimaciones de supervivencia de los nidos calculadas usando los métodos de Mayfield, Stanley y MARK fueron similares, pero las estimaciones del éxito aparente de los nidos fueron entre 1–24% mayores que las otras estimaciones. Los análisis con MARK revelaron que la supervivencia de los nidos de C. melanocorys difirió entre grupos de sitio-año, disminuyó con la edad del nido y el tiempo de la estación, pero no varió con parámetros climáticos. Estimulamos a los investigadores a usar estos enfoques para obtener estimaciones de supervivencia de nidos confiables y válidas.


Author(s):  
R. V. Prasad ◽  
R. Muralishankar ◽  
S. Vijay ◽  
H. N. Shankar ◽  
Przemyslaw Pawelczak ◽  
...  

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