Plant natural products: a primerThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions.

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 601-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Bernards
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Chemical Mechanisms ◽  
Know How ◽  
Plant Natural Products

Over the course of evolution, plants have adapted various structural and chemical mechanisms to protect themselves and interact with their environment. The chemical mechanisms are largely based on the secondary metabolites or natural products. Although plant natural products are generally divided into three main categories (terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids) that are based on structural type and biosynthetic origin, there are many other smaller categories of unique compounds. Many important in planta biological functions can be attributed to plant natural products, in large part, owing to their tremendous structural diversity. To understand the functional roles of plant natural products, both as protective compounds and interorganismal signals, it is important to know how they are formed in plants. This minireview provides a general background about the three main categories of plant natural products, their biosynthetic origins, and their structural diversity.

scholarly journals Dual activity of anthocyanidin reductase supports the dominant plant proanthocyanidin extension unit pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. eabg4682
Author(s):  
Ji Hyung Jun ◽  
Nan Lu ◽  
Maite Docampo-Palacios ◽  
Xiaoqiang Wang ◽  
Richard A. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Anthocyanidin Reductase ◽  
Plant Natural Products ◽  
Starter Unit ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are plant natural products important for agriculture and human health. They are polymers of flavan-3-ol subunits, commonly (−)-epicatechin and/or (+)-catechin, but the source of the in planta extension unit that comprises the bulk of the polymer remains unclear, as does how PA composition is determined in different plant species. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) can generate 2,3-cis-epicatechin as a PA starter unit from cyanidin, which itself arises from 2,3-trans-leucocyanidin, but ANR proteins from different species produce mixtures of flavan-3-ols with different stereochemistries in vitro. Genetic and biochemical analyses here show that ANR has dual activity and is involved not only in the production of (−)-epicatechin starter units but also in the formation of 2,3-cis-leucocyanidin to serve as (−)-epicatechin extension units. Differences in the product specificities of ANRs account for the presence/absence of PA polymerization and the compositions of PAs across plant species.

Enzymatic dimerization in the biosynthetic pathway of microbial natural products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawang Liu ◽  
Anan Liu ◽  
Youcai Hu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Cytochrome P450s ◽  
Microbial Natural Products

Cytochrome P450s, laccases, and intermolecular [4 + 2] cyclases, along with other enzymes were utilized to catalyze varied dimerization of matured natural products so as to create the structural diversity and complexity in microorganisms.

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Meri Yulvianti ◽  
Christian Zidorn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Sugar Moiety ◽  
Plant Natural Products ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds.

scholarly journals Novel System for the Simultaneous Analysis ofGeminivirus DNA Replication and Plant Interactions in Nicotianabenthamiana

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (24) ◽  
pp. 13315-13322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiguo Hong ◽  
John Stanley ◽  
Rene van Wezel
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
African Cassava Mosaic Virus ◽  
Origin Of Replication ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Gfp Fusion Protein ◽  
Host Defense Mechanism

ABSTRACT The origin of replication of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and a gene expression vector based on Potato virus X were exploited to devise an in planta system for functional analysis of the geminivirus replication-associated protein (Rep) in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana line pOri-2. This line contains an integrated copy of a tandem repeat of the ACMV origin of replication flanking nonviral sequences that can be mobilized and replicated by Rep as an episomal replicon. A Rep-GFP fusion protein can also mobilize and amplify the replicon, facilitating Rep detection in planta. The activity of Rep and its mutants, Rep-mediated host response, and the correlation between Rep intracellular localization and biological functions could be effectively assessed by using this in planta system. Our results indicate that modification of amino acid residues R2, R5, R7 and K11 or H56, L57 and H58 prevent Rep function in replication. This defect correlates with possible loss of Rep nuclear localization and inability to trigger the host defense mechanism resembling a hypersensitive response.

scholarly journals Synthetic biology of plant natural products: from pathway elucidation to engineered biosynthesis in plant cells

2021 ◽  
pp. 100229
Author(s):  
Xiaoxi Zhu ◽  
Xiaonan Liu ◽  
Tian Liu ◽  
Yina Wang ◽  
Nida Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Plant Natural Products

Metabolon formation and metabolic channeling in the biosynthesis of plant natural products

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Jørgensen ◽  
Anne Vinther Rasmussen ◽  
Marc Morant ◽  
Allan Holm Nielsen ◽  
Nanna Bjarnholt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Metabolic Channeling ◽  
Plant Natural Products

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Indonesian Marine Invertebrates

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1898
Author(s):  
Fauzia Izzati ◽  
Mega Ferdina Warsito ◽  
Asep Bayu ◽  
Anggia Prasetyoputri ◽  
Akhirta Atikana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Marine Natural Products ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
High Chemical

Marine invertebrates have been reported to be an excellent resource of many novel bioactive compounds. Studies reported that Indonesia has remarkable yet underexplored marine natural products, with a high chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review discusses recent updates on the exploration of marine natural products from Indonesian marine invertebrates (i.e., sponges, tunicates, and soft corals) throughout 2007–2020. This paper summarizes the structural diversity and biological function of the bioactive compounds isolated from Indonesian marine invertebrates as antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral, while also presenting the opportunity for further investigation of novel compounds derived from Indonesian marine invertebrates.

scholarly journals Multiple Myeloma Inhibitory Activity of Plant Natural Products

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2678
Author(s):  
Karin Jöhrer ◽  
Serhat Sezai Ҫiҫek
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Myeloma Cell ◽  
Myeloma Cell Line ◽  
Antiproliferative Effects ◽  
Plant Natural Products ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Human Myeloma Cell Line ◽  
Group A ◽  
Good Starting Point

A literature search on plant natural products with antimyeloma activity until the end of 2020 resulted in 92 compounds with effects on at least one human myeloma cell line. Compounds were divided in different compound classes and both their structure–activity-relationships as well as eventual correlations with the pathways described for Multiple Myeloma were discussed. Each of the major compound classes in this review (alkaloids, phenolics, terpenes) revealed interesting candidates, such as dioncophyllines, a group of naphtylisoquinoline alkaloids, which showed pronounced and selective induction of apoptosis when substituted in position 7 of the isoquinoline moiety. Interestingly, out of the phenolic compound class, two of the most noteworthy constituents belong to the relatively small subclass of xanthones, rendering this group a good starting point for possible further drug development. The class of terpenoids also provides noteworthy constituents, such as the highly oxygenated diterpenoid oridonin, which exhibited antiproliferative effects equal to those of bortezomib on RPMI8226 cells. Moreover, triterpenoids containing a lactone ring and/or quinone-like substructures, e.g., bruceantin, whitaferin A, withanolide F, celastrol, and pristimerin, displayed remarkable activity, with the latter two compounds acting as inhibitors of both NF-κB and proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity.

Plant Natural Products in the Rhizosphere

2006 ◽  
pp. 143-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Bhinu ◽  
Sanjay Swarup ◽  
Kothandarman Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Plant Natural Products
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