Effects of predaceous and nonpredaceous introduced fish on the survival, growth, and antipredation behaviours of long-toed salamanders

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 948-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Pearson ◽  
C. P. Goater
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Introduced Fish ◽  
Refuge Use ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Introduced Predators ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Outdoor Mesocosms

Simultaneous introduction of complex suites of exotic organisms into indigenous populations have poorly known magnitudes and consequences. We compared the effects of introduced piscivorous rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) and nonpiscivorous fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820) on growth, survival, susceptibility to predation, and antipredator behaviours of naïve long-toed salamanders ( Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1850). Trout reduced salamander hatchling and larvae survival to nearly zero in predation trials and caused a 39% reduction in salamander survival within outdoor mesocosms. Salamander larvae did not increase their refuge use or alter activity patterns in the presence of trout. These results imply that allotopic distributions of trout and salamanders observed in several field surveys likely result from the inability of larvae to recognize introduced predators as a threat. Minnows also caused significant reductions in salamander survival (41%) and growth (37%) in mesocosms, and exposure to minnow cues caused larvae to spend more time within a refuge. Reduced salamander survivorship and growth in the mesocosms was likely due to competition for limiting zooplankton and (or) cannibalism. These results indicate that introductions of small-bodied, nonpiscivorous fishes can reduce amphibian survival and growth to at least the same extent as introduced trout.

Myotomal slow muscle function of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during steady swimming.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (10) ◽  
pp. 1659-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Hammond ◽  
J D Altringham ◽  
C S Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Negative Power ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Strain and activity patterns were determined during slow steady swimming (tailbeat frequency 1.5-2.5 Hz) at three locations on the body in the slow myotomal muscle of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss using sonomicrometry and electromyography. Strain was independent of tailbeat frequency over the range studied and increased significantly from +/-3.3 % l0 at 0.35BL to +/-6 % at 0.65BL, where l0 is muscle resting length and BL is total body length. Muscle activation occurred significantly later in the strain cycle at 0.35BL (phase shift 59 degrees) than at 0.65BL (30 degrees), and the duration of activity was significantly longer (211 degrees at 0.35BL and 181 degrees at 0.65BL). These results differ from those of previous studies. The results have been used to simulate in vivo activity in isolated muscle preparations using the work loop technique. Preparations from all three locations generated net positive power under in vivo conditions, but the negative power component increased from head to tail. Both kinematically, and in the way its muscle functions to generate hydrodynamic thrust, the rainbow trout appears to be intermediate between anguilliform swimmers such as the eel, which generate thrust along their entire body length, and carangiform fish (e.g. saithe Pollachius virens), which generate thrust primarily at the tail blade.

scholarly journals Captan Toxicity to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1811-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger O. Hermanutz ◽  
Leonard H. Mueller ◽  
Kenneth D. Kempfert
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The toxic effects of captan on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were determined in a flow-through system. In a 45-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at 39.5 μg/liter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not statistically demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The lethal threshold concentration (LTC) derived from acute exposures was 64 μg/liter, resulting in an application factor (MATC/LTC) between 0.26 and 0.62. LTC values for the bluegill and brook trout were 72 and 29 μg/liter, respectively. The estimated MATC is between 44.6 and 18.7 μg/liter for the bluegill and between 18.0 and 7.5 μg/liter for the brook trout.The half-life of captan in Lake Superior water with a pH of 7.6 is about 7 hr at 12 C and about 1 hr at 25 C. Breakdown products from an initial 550 μg/liter of captan were not lethal to 3-month-old fathead minnows.

Diurnal and nocturnal feeding activity in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2894-2900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Alanärä ◽  
Eva Brännäs
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Arctic Char ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Nocturnal Feeding ◽  
Nocturnal Fish

When food is limited and competition for it is high, individual fish may adopt different diel activity patterns. We followed individual feeding activity in groups of 10 Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using a combined self-feeding and PIT-tag system. Food was supplied at low and high rewards to five replicate groups of Arctic char and rainbow trout. Four categories were identified in both species: high-triggering diurnal (diurnal fish with the highest self-feeding activity), low-triggering diurnal, nocturnal, and nontriggering fish. On average, the photophase proportion of the total daily activity was approx 90% in diurnal and approx 20% in nocturnal individuals. Rainbow trout offered high rewards did not show any diel preferences. Diurnal Arctic char and rainbow trout with the highest self-feeding activity were initially larger and had the highest growth rates, indicating a high social position. Nocturnal fish were initially smaller and their proportion of trigger actuations much lower than the high-triggering diurnal fish. These still grew successfully whereas nontriggering fish grew significantly less. Thus, some individuals with a low social status may apply an alternative strategy to attain adequate growth by feeding at night when dominant individuals are less aggressive. This may be referred to as concurrent dualism (diurnalism and nocturnalism).

Predicting the ecological impact of cane toads (Bufo marinus) on threatened camaenid land snails in north-western Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pearson ◽  
Matthew Greenlees ◽  
Georgia Ward-Fear ◽  
Richard Shine
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Habitat Overlap ◽  
Litoria Caerulea ◽  
North Western

The spread of cane toads (Bufo marinus) through north-western Australia may threaten populations of endemic camaenid land snails because these snails exhibit restricted geographic distributions, low vagility and ‘slow’ life-histories. We conducted laboratory trials to determine whether toads would consume camaenids if they encountered them, and conducted field surveys to evaluate the likelihood of such encounters (on the basis of habitat overlap). In laboratory trials with 13 camaenid species, cane toads were more likely to consume camaenids than were two species of native frogs that we tested (Cyclorana australis, Litoria caerulea). However, field surveys suggested that many camaenids are active on vertical surfaces in limestone outcrops, and cane toads rarely venture into these habitats. Although the preferred habitats and activity patterns of camaenids thus reduce their vulnerability to cane toads, we recommend regular surveys of toad and snail numbers to monitor toad impacts. Given the restricted distributions of threatened saxicoline camaenid species in the Kimberley, localised management of grazing stock and fire is feasible to maintain vine-thicket vegetation cover and snail populations, as well as reducing open habitats favoured by toads.

Variability in the performance of the seven-day fathead minnow (pimephales promelas) larval survival and growth test: An intra- and interlaboratory study

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1189-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Degraeve ◽  
J. D. Cooney ◽  
D. O. Mcintyre ◽  
T. L. Pollock ◽  
N. G. Reichenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Interlaboratory Study ◽  
Growth Test ◽  
Survival And Growth

LEARNED RECOGNITION OF HETEROSPECIFIC ALARM CUES ENHANCES SURVIVAL DURING ENCOUNTERS WITH PREDATORS

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (7) ◽  
pp. 929-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Chivers ◽  
Reehan Mirza ◽  
Jeffery Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Culaea Inconstans ◽  
Alarm Cue ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

AbstractNumerous species of aquatic animals release chemical cues when attacked by a predator. These chemicals serve to warn other conspecifics, and in some cases heterospecifics, of danger, and hence have been termed alarm cues. Responses of animals to alarm cues produced by other species often need to be learned, yet mechanisms of learned recognition of heterospecific cues are not well understood. In this study, we tested whether fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) could learn to recognize a heterospecific alarm cue when it was combined with conspecific alarm cue in the diet of a predator. We exposed fathead minnows to chemical stimuli collected from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed a mixed diet of minnows and brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, or trout fed a mixed diet of swordtails, Xiphophorous helleri, and stickleback. To test if the minnows had acquired recognition of the heterospecific alarm cues, we exposed them to stickleback alarm cues and introduced an unknown predator, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) or northern pike (Esox lucius). Both perch and pike took longer to initiate an attack on minnows that were previously exposed to trout fed minnows and stickleback than those previously exposed to trout fed swordtails and stickleback. These results demonstrate that minnows can learn to recognize heterospecific alarm cues based on detecting the heterospecific cue in combination with minnow alarm cues in the diet of the predator. Ours is the first study to demonstrate that behavioural responses to heterospecific chemical alarm cues decreases the probability that the prey will be attacked and captured during an encounter with a predator.

Relationship between Diurnal Activity Patterns, Cryptic Coloration, and Subsequent Avoidance of Predaceous Fish by Perlid Stoneflies

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2630-2634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair W. Feltmate ◽  
D. Dudley Williams ◽  
Adriane Montgomerie
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Diurnal Activity ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Daytime Activity ◽  
Cryptic Coloration ◽  
High Illumination ◽  
Low Illumination ◽  
Paragnetina Media ◽  
First Time

We demonstrate that prey (stoneflies), which are either solidly coloured or patterned, coordinate intervals of maximum daytime activity with periods when visually foraging predators (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) are least able to detect them. In this study, rainbow trout attacked solidly coloured stonefly nymphs (Paragnetina media) more frequently under conditions of low illumination (simulated dawn and dusk) than high illumination (simulated midday) whereas the frequency of attacks on patterned stonefly nymphs (Agnetina capitata) was reversed. Consequently, in both the presence and absence of trout, the activity (i.e. frequency of crawling) of P. media and A. capitata was highest under conditions of high and low illumination, respectively. The number of attacks by trout on all nymphs was significantly less when nymphs were on dark-brown, rather than mottled, substrates. When given a choice between dark-brown and mottled substrate, both species selected dark substrate. Suggestions that the visual acuity of predators varies as a function of light intensity and the coloration, patterning, and daytime activity of prey are corroborated for the first time.

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