Winter browsing of moose on two different willow species: food selection in relation to plant chemistry and plant response

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Stolter ◽  
John P Ball ◽  
Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto ◽  
Reinhard Lieberei ◽  
Jörg U Ganzhorn
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Willow Species ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Plant Animal Interactions ◽  
Salix Myrsinifolia ◽  
Moose Browsing

We investigated the selection criteria of moose, Alces alces (L., 1758), feeding on two willow species, Salix phylicifolia L. and Salix myrsinifolia Salisb., and whether these willows respond chemically. We correlated winter twig browsing with the concentrations of primary and secondary plant compounds in twigs and new leaves. Furthermore, we investigated 12 specific phenolics in twigs of S. phylicifolia. During winter, moose browsed twigs with low concentrations of phenolic compounds. Additionally, we found significant negative correlations between browsing and the concentration of 7 of the 12 specific phenolic compounds in S. phylicifolia. Most importantly, even though ours was a field study and had many potential sources of variation, a multivariate analysis revealed that these specific phenolics predicted 47% of the variation in moose browsing. The two willows reacted in different chemical ways to moose browsing, but both showed signs of defensive response in early spring and compensation growth in summer. Our data demonstrate the importance of plant secondary chemicals for feeding behaviour of moose and underline the importance of working at a species level in studies of plant–animal interactions, especially with the chemically heterogeneous willows.

scholarly journals Applications of Biocatalysts for Sustainable Oxidation of Phenolic Pollutants: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8620
Author(s):  
Sanaz Salehi ◽  
Kourosh Abdollahi ◽  
Reza Panahi ◽  
Nejat Rahmanian ◽  
Mozaffar Shakeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Phenolic Pollutants ◽  
Petroleum Refinery Wastewater ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
Spent Caustic

Phenol and its derivatives are hazardous, teratogenic and mutagenic, and have gained significant attention in recent years due to their high toxicity even at low concentrations. Phenolic compounds appear in petroleum refinery wastewater from several sources, such as the neutralized spent caustic waste streams, the tank water drain, the desalter effluent and the production unit. Therefore, effective treatments of such wastewaters are crucial. Conventional techniques used to treat these wastewaters pose several drawbacks, such as incomplete or low efficient removal of phenols. Recently, biocatalysts have attracted much attention for the sustainable and effective removal of toxic chemicals like phenols from wastewaters. The advantages of biocatalytic processes over the conventional treatment methods are their ability to operate over a wide range of operating conditions, low consumption of oxidants, simpler process control, and no delays or shock loading effects associated with the start-up/shutdown of the plant. Among different biocatalysts, oxidoreductases (i.e., tyrosinase, laccase and horseradish peroxidase) are known as green catalysts with massive potentialities to sustainably tackle phenolic contaminants of high concerns. Such enzymes mainly catalyze the o-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of environmentally related contaminants into their corresponding o-diphenols. This review covers the latest advancement regarding the exploitation of these enzymes for sustainable oxidation of phenolic compounds in wastewater, and suggests a way forward.

scholarly journals Feeding Ecology of Greater Snow Goose Goslings in Mesic Tundra on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Audet ◽  
Gilles Gauthier ◽  
Esther LÉVESQUE
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Snow Goose ◽  
Greater Snow Goose ◽  
Bylot Island

AbstractAlthough mesic tundra is a habitat commonly used by arctic-nesting geese, their feeding ecology in this habitat is little known compared to wetlands. Our objectives were to determine the diet and food selection of Greater Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica) goslings in relation to the nutritional quality of plants growing in mesic tundra habitats on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada. We used two different but complementary approaches: examination of esophageal contents of sacrificed wild goslings, and direct observation of the feeding activity of captive, human-imprinted goslings. The latter method was innovative and provided a reliable description of the diet, with results comparable to those obtained from wild goslings. Although mesic habitats have a more diverse floristic composition than wetlands and sparse graminoid cover, Gramineae were preferentially selected and dominated the diet (~50%). The rest of the diet consisted mainly of members of the Juncaceae, Polygonaceae, and Leguminosae families. The diet of very young goslings was diverse, but as they aged and gained efficiency, they concentrated on a few taxa. Goslings ate mostly leaves (~80%), but flowers (~20%) were also important. Food selection was influenced by nitrogen and total phenolic compounds content of plants, but the ratio of phenolic compounds to nitrogen in plant organs was most determinative of food choice. Neutral detergent fiber content of plants did not influence plant selection. Both plant nutritional quality and availability determined gosling diet across different mesic habitats and growing goslings appeared to maximize their intake of metabolizable proteins.

scholarly journals Wine Oligosaccharides: Underutilized or Irrelevant? A Study into the Effects of Oligosaccharides on Wine Taste and Mouthfeel

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Samuel Hoffman ◽  
Quynh Phan ◽  
Elizabeth Tomasino
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Model Matrix ◽  
Wine Matrix

The taste and mouthfeel of a wine are two of the most important aspects of wine tasting. However, while much is known about phenolic compounds and other macromolecules direct effects on wine taste and mouthfeel, little is known about other wine compounds such as oligosaccharides. This experiment uses Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) at two different concentrations, 450 mg/L and 900 mg/L within a simple model wine matrix. A model matrix was used to control for any unknown interactions between oligosaccharides and the multitude of wine components. Oligosaccharides were added individually to the model wine matrix at each concentration to create four treatments. Triangle tests were performed on all treatments against the control base model wine and between the high and low concentrations of each oligosaccharide treatment. Following the triangle tests, each treatment and the control underwent descriptive analysis (DA) using line intensity scales for sweetness, bitterness, astringency, acidity, and viscosity. Triangle test results revealed a significant difference only between the FOS450 and FOS900 samples. The wine matrix was made more complicated by adding polyphenols and still, none of the four oligosaccharide treatment groups were found to be significantly different. DA found no significant differences for the five attributes but did show clear trends in increased sweetness and acidity, decreased bitterness, as well as changes to astringency and viscosity. This suggests there may be more complex interactions happening within the mouth. However, given the lack of significant results in the simple wine model and the more complex wine model wine, any complex interactions between oligosaccharides and other wine compounds are likely to be minimal.

scholarly journals Potential of Different Fungi Species in Biodegradation Field of Phenolic Compounds

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yassmin M. Shebany ◽  
Eman G. El-Dawy ◽  
Youssuf A. Gherbawy
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Good Technique ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Sterile Mycelium ◽  
Sea Coast

Phenolic compounds are dominant pollutants in terrestrial and freshwater environmental that have toxic effects on living organisms at low concentrations, because it has the ability to persist in the ecosystem. So bio-removal is a good technique that employs the metabolic potential of microorganisms to clean up the environmental pollutants and turned into less dangerous or harmless substances. This work aims to the isolation of different species of fungi from wastewater of factories and Red Sea coast to test the ability of these fungi to degrade phenolic compounds. Ten species of fungi and sterile mycelium are used to degrade phenol and its derivatives at different concentrations (0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%). All fungi species have the ability of degradation of phenol and their derivatives, but P. chrysogenum, Saccharomyces sp. and sterile mycelium exhibited low ability to break down of hydroxyl-benzene, 2-naphthol and 1,3 dihydroxy benzene, respectively.

scholarly journals Biochemical indices of hop resistance to Verticillium albo-atrum and Fusarium sambucinum

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Jan Piotrowski ◽  
Marian Milczak
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Fusarium Sambucinum ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
Verticillium Albo Atrum

The contents of total phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and peroxidase activity as well as monophenols to polyphenols ratio were studies in the suckers of the hops as indices of resistance to <i>Verticillium albo-atrum</i> and <i>Fusarium sambucinum</i>. The suckers of hop taken in the early spring from the healthy and infected plots were used in the experiments. As a research material were included cv. 'Northern Brewer' - a wilt tolerant variety, two wild susceptible varieties - cv. 'Lubelski' and cv. 'Brewers Gold', four breeding clones and one male plant. It was found that, 'Northern Brewer' contains more total phenolic compounds, rnonophenols and chlorogenic acid, and in particular considerably higher peroxidase activity as compared to cv. 'Lubelski'. Taking into consideration the contents of these compounds, in the majority of cases, the new breeding clones were similar to the mother variety 'Northern Brewer'. It seems resonable to assume, that the new clones should be more wilt tolerant than varieties and populations cultivated in our country.

scholarly journals The scavenging processes controlling the seasonal cycle in Arctic sulphate and black carbon aerosol

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3409-3465 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Browse ◽  
K. S. Carslaw ◽  
S. R. Arnold ◽  
K. Pringle ◽  
O. Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Ice Clouds ◽  
Arctic Aerosol ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Wet Scavenging ◽  
Black Carbon Aerosol ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract. The seasonal cycle in Arctic aerosol is typified by high concentrations of large aged anthropogenic particles transported from lower latitudes in the late Arctic winter and early spring followed by a sharp transition to low concentrations of locally sourced smaller particles in the summer. However, multi-model assessments show that many models fail to simulate a realistic cycle. Here, we use a global aerosol microphysics model and surface-level aerosol observations to understand how wet scavenging processes control the seasonal variation in Arctic black carbon (BC) and sulphate aerosol concentrations. We show that the transition from high wintertime to low summertime Arctic aerosol concentrations is caused by the change from inefficient scavenging in ice clouds to the much more efficient scavenging in warm liquid clouds. This seasonal cycle is amplified further by the appearance of warm drizzling cloud in late spring and summer at a time when aerosol transport shifts mainly to low levels. Implementing these processes in a model greatly improves the agreement between the model and observations at the three Arctic ground-stations Alert, Barrow and Zeppelin Mountain on Svalbard. The SO4 model-observation correlation coefficient (R) increases from: −0.33 to 0.71 at Alert (82.5° N), from −0.16 to 0.70 at Point Barrow (71.0° N) and from −0.42 to 0.40 at Zeppelin Mountain (78° N) while, the BC model-observation correlation coefficient increases from −0.68 to 0.72 at Alert and from −0.42 to 0.44 at Barrow. Observations at three marginal Arctic sites (Janiskoski, Oulanka and Karasjok) indicate a far weaker aerosol seasonal cycle, which we show is consistent with the much smaller seasonal changes in ice clouds compared to the higher latitude sites. Our results suggest that the seasonal cycle in Arctic aerosol is driven by temperature-dependent scavenging processes that may be susceptible to modification in a future climate.

Japanese Consumer’s Food Selection Criteria and Gender-Based Differences

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Masami Asakawa ◽  
Masao Okano
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals A Chemotaxonomic Survey of Phenolic Compounds in Swiss Willow Species

Planta Medica ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 58 (S 1) ◽  
pp. 698-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Meier ◽  
Y. Shao ◽  
R. Julkunen-Tiitto ◽  
A. Bettschart ◽  
O. Slicher
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Willow Species
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document