Nutrient-reserve dynamics of semiarid-breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks: a north-temperate contrast

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 1082-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A Petrie ◽  
Kevin H Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Semiarid Environments ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Nutrient Reserve ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Endogenous Reserves

Little is known about the nutrient-reserve dynamics of waterfowl that breed in semiarid environments. Breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks, Dendrocygna viduata (L., 1766), were collected on the Nyl River floodplain, South Africa, during 1992–1993 and 1995. Mass of major lipid (wet skin + visceral fat + abdominal fat) and protein (breast muscle + leg muscle + gizzard) deposits and organs of males and females were evaluated in relation to sex and reproductive stage. Both sexes arrived at breeding areas with large lipid reserves and did not store additional lipid after arrival. Stored reserves enabled females to begin laying shortly after arrival, an important adaptation to ephemeral wetlands in semiarid environments. Females catabolized at least 37 g of lipid and 27 g of body protein during rapid follicular growth and ovulation. This accounted for 87% of their total lipid and 60% of their protein requirements during egg laying. Males catabolized at least 19 g of lipid between arrival and the end of laying. Although diets of breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks are high in fat, females satisfied most of their lipid requirements for clutch formation from endogenous reserves. Female White-faced Whistling Ducks can reproduce despite their reliance on a relatively low protein diet, and this suggests that they efficiently assimilate amino acids from plant matter. Biparental care apparently decreases the reliance of female White-faced Whistling Ducks on stored nutrients after ovulation, thereby allowing greater allocation of stored nutrients to egg production.

Nutrient Reserve Dynamics of Breeding and Molting Brant

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Davison Ankney
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Nutritional Stress ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Branta Bernicla ◽  
Nutrient Reserve ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Nutrient Reserves

Abstract I collected 150 Brant (Branta bernicla) at East Bay, Southampton Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, in 1979 and 1980 to evaluate how much these birds rely on reserves of fat, protein, and calcium during egg production, incubation, and the subsequent wing molt. Egg laying resulted in decreases in body weight and nutrient reserves of females. These decreases could have accounted for all of the fat but only 70% of the protein in an average clutch. Neither males nor females had sufficient reserves when incubation began to enable them to fast during that period. Only 11% and 22% of the energy required by males and females, respectively, could have been derived from their reserves during incubation. Brant evidently did not use body reserves to obtain nutrients for feather growth during wing molt. Rather, molting males and females accumulated muscle protein, which supports my hypothesis that wing molt is not a nutritional stress for waterfowl.

THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF LAYING HENS IN FLOOR PENS AND INDIVIDUAL CAGES

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. MacIntyre ◽  
J. R. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Protein Diets

Diets varying in protein content from 10.9 to 16.7 per cent were fed over a 336-day laying period to hens in both floor pens and individual laying cages. All rations were approximately iso-caloric, the mean productive energy value being 825 Calories per pound. Each ration was fed to 200–240 hens in four floor pens and to 90–96 hens in individual cages.A crude protein level of 13 per cent of the diet proved adequate for egg production, but egg weights and body weights were improved when the dietary protein was increased. Egg shell quality was highest on low protein diets. Interior egg quality was not affected by the protein level in the diet.On comparable diets, birds in individual laying cages laid fewer eggs and consumed less feed than birds in floor pens. Caged birds were heavier in body weight and laid heavier eggs with thicker shells than their counterparts in floor pens. The criteria employed in the measurement of interior egg quality showed no differences between the cage and pen environments, nor did there appear to be any differences in protein requirements between the two environments.

QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF FERTILITY. III. A NEW MODEL FOR INTERSTRAIN LIFETIME EGG PRODUCTION COMPARISONS

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 782-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Fitz-Earle
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Linear Least Squares ◽  
New Model ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Males And Females

A new model for use in theoretical and practical studies of egg production is derived: N(t) = (1−e−ξ(t–to))e−α(t–tq), where N(t) is the number of eggs laid on day t; ξ is the rate of increase in egg production; α is the rate of decrease in egg production; to is the day of initiation of egg-laying; tq is the day of cessation of egg-laying. Egg production curves for Drosophila melanogaster strains were fitted using non-linear least squares regression analyses such that all parameters in the model and their errors were generated simultaneously. The goodness-of-fit of the model to the observed data was precise. The experimental evidence showed that parameters α and tq were basically describing the genetic components of egg production in females whereas parameters ξ and to exhibited additional components, the interactions between males and females. Expressions derived from the model, tmax, the time of maximum production, N(tmax), the maximum production at this time and T(to,tq), the production over lifetime, gave results consistent with the observations.

Long continued oestrogen administration to fowls

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Carcinogenic Agent ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Effective Level ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Males And Females

Long continued administration of a substance (dienoestrol diacetate) having oestrogenic properties as a dietary additive to chickens from hatching over a period of 4½ years resulted in:—(1) an early, transient, hindrance to sexual development in both males and females,(2) a wide range of individual variation in response to the drug, shown i n the degree of feminisation of the plumage in males, and certain characteristics associated with egg laying in the females,(3) shell defects and related early embryonic deaths which could be attributed to an interference by the drug with development and differentiation of the oviduct.The birds were maintained throughout the experiment under two contrasting environments ‘natural’ and ‘constant’. In the former group two birds developed tumours (one a typical adenocarcinoma) while four of the ‘constant’ birds had adenocarcinomata on examination post-mortem. The incidence of the condition was much lower than that encountered in a previous experiment and suggested that the oestrogen employed was not of itself a carcinogenic agent.The primary function of the ovary was apparently unaffected and egg production to normal expected levels in both environments was attained.The disproportionally high number of hens dying with inspissated yolk i n the oviduct and/or free yolk in the abdomen emphasises the possible effect of oestrogen on oviduct development and activity.The danger of increasing the ‘load’ of oestrogens to susceptible individuals destined for breeding stock (and not short term administration of oestrogens for growth and ‘finishing’ of birds for slaughter) is referred to, and also its wider application were natural and synthetic oestrogenic substances in the diet to exceed a non-effective level.

Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1986-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Tarnopolsky ◽  
S. A. Atkinson ◽  
J. D. MacDougall ◽  
A. Chesley ◽  
S. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

Leucine kinetic and nitrogen balance (NBAL) methods were used to determine the dietary protein requirements of strength athletes (SA) compared with sedentary subjects (S). Individual subjects were randomly assigned to one of three protein intakes: low protein (LP) = 0.86 g protein.kg-1.day-1, moderate protein (MP) = 1.40 g protein.kg-1.day-1, or high protein (HP) = 2.40 g protein.kg-1.day-1 for 13 days for each dietary treatment. NBAL was measured and whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) and leucine oxidation were determined from L-[1–13C]leucine turnover. NBAL data were used to determine that the protein intake for zero NBAL for S was 0.69 g.kg-1.day-1 and for SA was 1.41 g.kg-1.day-1. A suggested recommended intake for S was 0.89 g.kg-1.day-1 and for SA was 1.76 g.kg-1.day-1. For SA, the LP diet did not provide adequate protein and resulted in an accommodated state (decreased WBPS vs. MP and HP), and the MP diet resulted in a state of adaptation [increase in WBPS (vs. LP) and no change in leucine oxidation (vs. LP)]. The HP diet did not result in increased WBPS compared with the MP diet, but leucine oxidation did increase significantly, indicating a nutrient overload. For S the LP diet provided adequate protein, and increasing protein intake did not increase WBPS. On the HP diet leucine oxidation increased for S. These results indicated that the MP and HP diets were nutrient overloads for S. There were no effects of varying protein intake on indexes of lean body mass (creatinine excretion, body density) for either group. In summary, protein requirements for athletes performing strength training are greater than for sedentary individuals and are above current Canadian and US recommended daily protein intake requirements for young healthy males.

scholarly journals Influence of Age and Sex on the Blood Biochemical Constituent Values of Broiler Breeders During the Egg-Laying Stage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Sebastião Rezende ◽  
BELCHIOLINA BEATRIZ FONSECA ◽  
Paula Fernanda Sousa Braga ◽  
Ednaldo Carvalho Guimarães ◽  
Antonio Vicente Mundim
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on the blood biochemical constituents of broiler breeders during the egg production stage. The analysis was performed in an industrial broiler breeder farm, and blood samples were collected from males and females at five different ages. At most ages, females had higher values of total proteins, albumin, globulins, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, Ca/P (calcium and phosphorus)ratio and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The values of uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and alkaline phosphatase (PAL) were higher in males. The lowest protein values were found at 28 and 60 weeks old. The mean albumin values were significantly higher at 44 and 52 weeks old in males and females. A trend of increasing globulin values ​​with increasing age up to 52 weeks old was observed. Although calcium and phosphorus did not vary according to age, the Ca/P ratio was lowest at 36 weeks old. Comparing the means of both sexes, the AST and GGT values were significantly higher in 60-week-old birds. The highest serum levels of CK occurred at 28 and 52 weeks old. The physiological levels of serum biomarkers presented in this work are important for evaluating productivity performance, welfare, and disease indication in breeding flocks.

Probiotics in the diets of laying quails

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
O. Merzlyakova ◽  
V. Rogachyev ◽  
V. Chegodaev
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
The Cost

The efficiency of introducing probiotics based on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium in the amount of 150 g/t of feed into the diets of laying quails has been studied. The experiment lasting 182 days has been carried out on four groups of quails with 30 heads in each. The quails have been housed in the broiler battery in compliance with the required microclimate conditions. Quails of all groups have been received the main diet (compound feed) developed taking into account their age and physiological characteristics. The quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups in addition to the main diet received probiotics (150 g/t compound feed) based on strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium, respectively. It has been found that feeding the laying quails of the consortium of strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis had the most significant positive impact on their productive performance, it allowed to increase egg production by 7,81 %, egg laying intensity by 5,0 %, egg mass yield by 9,77 %, while reducing feed expenditures for 10 eggs by 13,35 %. The yield of hatching eggs has been increased by 7,03 %, hatchability of chickens from laid and fertilized eggs by 8,33 and 8,35 %, brooding waste decreased by 21,74 %. Hematological parameters of quails during the whole experiment were within the physiological norm. The economic effect calculated on the basis of data on the cost of compound feed, probiotics and the cost of sold eggs of quail laying was 14,56 % in the 3rd experimental group (in relation to the control group).

scholarly journals Proteomic Analysis Identifies Potential Markers for Chicken Primary Follicle Development

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Armughan Ahmed Wadood ◽  
Jingyuan Wang ◽  
Liping Pu ◽  
Qaisar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Phosphate Binding ◽  
Primary Follicle ◽  
Mannose Metabolism

Follicles’ development in chicken imparts a major impact on egg production. To enhance the egg-laying efficiency, comprehensive knowledge of different phases of follicular development is a prerequisite. Therefore, we used the tandem mass tag (TMT) based proteomic approach to find the genes involved in the primary follicular development of chicken. The primary follicles were divided into two groups—small primary follicles (81–150 μm) and developed primary follicles (300–500 μm). Differential expression analysis (fold change > 1.2, p-value < 0.05) revealed a total of 70 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 38 were upregulated and 32 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis disclosed that DEPs were intricate with cellular protein localization, the establishment of protein localization, and nucleoside phosphate-binding activities. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway indicated the involvement of DEPs in different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, galactose metabolism, and fructose and mannose metabolism. The current proteomic analysis suggested suitable markers such as Anxa2, Pdia3, and Capzb, which may serve as a potential role for primary follicle development. The present study provides the first insight into the proteome dynamics of primary follicle development and would play a potential role for further studies in chicken to improve egg productivity.

scholarly journals Dual-Purpose Poultry in Organic Egg Production and Effects on Egg Quality Parameters

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Marianne Hammershøj ◽  
Gitte Hald Kristiansen ◽  
Sanna Steenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Genotype A

Egg laying genotypes have been selected for generations due to their high yield and egg quality, resulting in efficient feed utilization and low body weight; hence, they are not suitable for meat production. This imposes an issue for the male layer chicks, which are killed at one day old. Because of ethical and food waste concerns, the search for suitable dual-purpose genotypes in order to avoid euthanasia of male day-old chicks has intensified. The aim of the present study is to evaluate potential dual-purpose genotypes for their egg quality compared to a representative egg laying genotype. Three dual-purpose genotypes with divergent characteristics were evaluated: genotype A represented an experimental crossbreed based on a broiler type male and an egg layer female, genotype B was a pure breed, and genotype C was a crossbreed of a layer type. These were compared to a control genotype D, which was an egg layer. Eggs were collected six times during the period of 21–54 weeks of hen age, i.e., a total of 1080 shell eggs were analyzed. Examined parameters were weights of egg, shell, yolk, and albumen, by calculating their relative proportions. Shell quality was assessed by shell strength, shell stiffness, and shell thickness. Yolk quality was determined as yolk color and inclusions of blood and meat spots, and albumen quality was evaluated in terms of pH and dry matter (DM) content. The egg layer genotype produced the smallest eggs with least blood and meat spot inclusions compared to that produced by the three dual-purpose genotypes. Shell quality was superior for the layer genotype. However, the experimental genotype A laid eggs of comparable shell quality, albumen DM, and yolk weight, but also with the darkest and most red-yellow colored yolk. The two other dual-purpose genotypes produced eggs of low-medium quality. In conclusion, the genotype A could serve as dual-purpose genotype from an egg quality perspective.

Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. II

1936 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Common
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Phosphorus Excretion ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Digestible Protein

1. Where heavy phosphorus excretion accompanies egg laying in the pullet the excretion of ammonia nitrogen is simultaneously increased. It is probable that this indicates an excretion of excess phosphate in the urine as ammonium phosphate.2. It is shown that heavy phosphorus excretion does not accompany egg laying provided the calcium carbonate intake is sufficiently high.3. The origin of the excess of phosphorus excretion is discussed in relation to calcium-phosphorus metabolism.4. Pullets on a ration containing 5 per cent, calcium carbonate laid eggs containing a higher percentage of P2O5 than pullets receiving a similar ration but from which the calcium carbonate supplement was omitted.5. Some evidence is put forward in support of the view that current standards pitch the requirements of digestible protein for egg production at too high a level.

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