Evidence for sexual partitioning of foraging mode in Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) during migration

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 1035-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley J Mathot ◽  
Robert W Elner

Migrating Western Sandpipers, Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857), observed feeding at an intertidal stopover site on the Fraser River delta, British Columbia, shifted their foraging mode from surface-pecking to probing over a 3-week period in April and May. We tested possible mechanisms to account for the field observations. Using control and shorebird exclusion plots over a 3-month period bracketing the migration, we determined that neither seasonal nor shorebird-induced changes in the relative availability of epifaunal compared with infaunal prey accounted for the decline in the prevalence of epifaunal feeding behaviour. However, strong peaks in both epi- and in-faunal prey densities coincided with the migration period, suggesting that migratory timing may be linked with the productivity schedule of major stopover sites. Males, which precede females in the migration and have relatively shorter bills, were observed to engage in epifaunal feeding more frequently than females. Thus, while foraging behaviour of the Western Sandpiper at a population level appears "plastic", the feeding repertoire of individuals is more specialized and results in sexual partitioning of prey resources. The implications of our findings for differential distribution patterns over the nonbreeding range and sex-related differences in contaminant profiles are discussed.

The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 886-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony D. Williams ◽  
Nils Warnock ◽  
John Y. Takekawa ◽  
Mary Anne Bishop

Abstract We combined radiotelemetry, plasma metabolite analyses, and macro-invertebrate prey sampling to investigate variation in putative fattening rates (estimated as plasma triglyceride levels) at the flyway scale in Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) migrating between Punta Banda, Mexico (31°N), and Hartney Bay, Alaska (60°N), a distance of 4,240 km. Birds were caught at a wintering site (San Francisco Bay) and eight stopover sites along this Pacific Flyway. Body mass was higher in females than in males at six sites, but variation was not correlated with latitude for either sex, and the relationship of change in mass by date within sites was uninformative with regard to possible latitudinal variation in fattening rates. At San Francisco Bay, triglyceride levels were higher in the spring than in the winter. Mean plasma triglyceride varied among stopover sites, and there was a significant linear trend of increasing triglyceride levels with latitude as birds migrated north. At San Francisco Bay, length of stay was negatively related to triglyceride levels. However, plasma triglyceride levels at wintering or initial stopover sites (San Francisco and Punta Banda) did not predict individual variation in subsequent rates of travel during migration. We found no significant relationship between triglyceride levels and prey biomass at different stopover sites, which suggests that the latitudinal pattern is not explained by latitudinal changes in food availability. Rather, we suggest that differences in physiology of migratory birds at southern versus northern stopover sites or behavioral differences may allow birds to sustain higher fattening rates closer to the breeding grounds. Variación a la Escala de Corredores de Vuelo en los Niveles de Triglicéridos Plasmáticos como un Índice de la Tasa de Reabastecimiento durante la Migración de Primavera en Calidris mauri


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. O'Reilly ◽  
John C. Wingfield

Abstract Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) were followed throughout their annual cycle along the Pacific Coast of North America. Changes in body condition and corticosterone were tracked at two overwintering sites (Ensenada, Mexico, and San Diego, California), four migration stopover sites (Bodega Bay, California, Grays Harbor and False Bay, Washington, and Hartney Bay, Alaska), and a breeding site (Nome, Alaska). Adult males and females had elevated weight and fat scores during spring migration, breeding, and autumn migration relative to lean levels during winter. Although elevated mass and fat reserves may hinder escape from predators and are not necessary at wintering sites with benign conditions, the cost-benefit trade-offs with weight and agility shift during migration and breeding. Extra fat and muscle are necessary for fueling the long flight to and from the breeding grounds and serve as a hedge against unpredictable food and weather conditions on the breeding grounds. First-year birds weighed less and had lower fat reserves at smaller stopover sites than migrants at a large stopover site. Plasma levels of corticosterone revealed seasonal differences in the adrenocortical response to stress, although initial levels were fairly consistent across seasons. The highest stress response of the annual cycle in males was during autumn migration, in contrast to the lowest levels during early spring migration, breeding, and overwintering. Late-spring migrants and autumn premigrants had intermediate stress responses. An emerging pattern from this and other shorebird studies is that migrants with imminent flights of more than 1000 km have elevated corticosterone levels. Diferencias Estacionales de Edad y Sexo en Peso, Reservas de Grasa y Corticosterona Plasmática en Calidris mauri Resumen. Se siguieron individuos de Calidris mauri a través de su ciclo anual a lo largo de la costa Pacífica de Norteamérica. Se evaluaron los cambios en la condición corporal y la corticosterona en dos sitios de invernación (Ensenada, México y San Diego, California), cuatro sitios de escala migratoria (Bodega Bay, California, Grays Harbor y False Bay, Washington, y Hartney Bay, Alaska) y un sitio reproductivo (Nome, Alaska). Los machos y hembras adultos tuvieron pesos y niveles de grasa altos durante las épocas de migración de primavera, reproducción y migración de otoño con relación a los niveles magros del invierno. Aunque presentar masa elevada y reservas de grasa puede limitar el escape de los depredadores y no es necesario en los sitios de invernada con condiciones benignas, existe un cambio en la solución de compromiso entre el costo-beneficio del peso y la agilidad de vuelo durante la migración y la reproducción. La grasa y músculos adicionales son necesarios para proveer combustible para los largos vuelos hacia y desde las áreas de reproducción y sirven como protección contra condiciones alimenticias y climáticas impredecibles en las áreas reproductivas. Las aves añales pesaron menos y tuvieron menos reservas grasas en sitios de escala pequeños que los migrantes en un sitio de escala grande. Los niveles plasmáticos de corticosterona mostraron diferencias estacionales en la respuesta adrenocórtica al estrés, aunque los niveles iniciales fueron relativamente consistentes a través de las estaciones. La respuesta al estrés más alta del ciclo anual de los machos se presentó durante la migración de otoño, contrastando con los niveles más bajos durante el inicio de la migración de primavera, la época reproductiva y la época de invernación. Las aves que migraron temprano en la primavera y las premigrantes de otoño presentaron niveles intermedios de respuesta al estrés. Un patrón que emerge de éste y otros estudios sobre aves marinas es que las migratorias que hacen vuelos de más de 1000 km presentan niveles elevados de corticosterona.


2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanjuan Meng ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Nyambayar Batbayar ◽  
Tseveenmyadag Natsagdorj ◽  
Batmunkh Davaasuren ◽  
...  

Abstract While many avian populations follow narrow, well-defined “migratory corridors,” individuals from other populations undertake highly divergent individual migration routes, using widely dispersed stopover sites en route between breeding and wintering areas, although the reasons for these differences are rarely investigated. We combined individual GPS-tracked migration data from Mongolian-breeding common shelduck Tadorna tadorna and remote sensing datasets, to investigate habitat selection at inland stopover sites used by these birds during dispersed autumn migration, to explain their divergent migration patterns. We used generalized linear mixed models to investigate population-level resource selection, and generalized linear models to investigate stopover-site-level resource selection. The population-level model showed that water recurrence had the strongest positive effect on determining birds’ occupancy at staging sites, while cultivated land and grassland land cover type had strongest negative effects; effects of other land cover types were negative but weaker, particularly effects of water seasonality and presence of a human footprint, which were positive but weak or non-significant, respectively. Although stopover-site-level models showed variable resource selection patterns, the variance partitioning and cross-prediction AUC scores corroborated high inter-individual consistency in habitat selection at inland stopover sites during the dispersed autumn migration. These results suggest that the geographically widespread distribution (and generally rarity) of suitable habitats explained the spatially divergent autumn migrations of Mongolian breeding common shelduck, rather than the species showing flexible autumn staging habitat occupancy.


The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Fernández ◽  
Horacio de la Cueva ◽  
Nils Warnock ◽  
David B. Lank

AbstractTo estimate annual apparent local survival, we collected capture–resighting data on 256 individually marked male Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) wintering at Estero de Punta Banda, Mexico, between 1994–1997. A hierarchical modeling approach was used to address the effect of age class and year on survivorship rates. The best-fit model included a constant apparent survival probability (ϕ = 0.489; 95% CI = 0.410–0.569), but several models fit nearly as well, and averaging among the top five, to account for model uncertainty, suggested that adults had somewhat higher values than juveniles (ϕ = 0.490 ± 0.051 vs. 0.450 ± 0.067). Detection probability was substantially higher for adults than for juveniles (p = 0.741 vs. p = 0.537). Those apparent survival estimates are low compared with those from other studies of Western Sandpipers at breeding and other nonbreeding locations, and substantially lower than the true survivorship rates expected for small sandpipers in general. We interpret these results as indicating that this site is of below average quality for nonbreeding male Western Sandpipers.


The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Egeler ◽  
Dana Seaman ◽  
Tony D. Williams

Abstract Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) have been previously shown to undergo seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of their fat stores, even though they do not show the marked seasonal variation in diet common to many migratory passerines. We investigated the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in captive Western Sandpipers by feeding birds experimental diets with different fatty acid composition. In addition, we determined the effect of total percentage of fat content of the diet (5 vs. 10%) on fatty acid composition of depot fat. Birds maintained normal body mass (24–27 g) throughout all experimental treatments. Most adipose fatty acids were sensitive to dietary manipulation to some extent. Changes in fatty acid composition of the diet had the largest effect on adipose tissue composition for the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleate (18:2), whereas it had the least effect for the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate (18:1). The saturated fatty acid palmitate (16:0) demonstrated an intermediate capacity to alter fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. Total amount of fat in the diet did not influence the effect of diet on fatty acid deposition. Results of dietary manipulations in this study suggest that diet does explain some of the variation in fatty acid composition observed during migration in Western Sandpipers, but that certain fatty acids can be modulated independently of diet (probably through de novo synthesis, postabsorption modification, or both).


Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2208
Author(s):  
Bernice Goffin ◽  
Marcial Felgueiras ◽  
Anouschka R. Hof

Many long-distance migratory bird species are in decline, of which environmental changes, such as climate change and land-use changes, are thought to be important drivers. The effects of environmental change on the migration of these birds have often been studied during spring migration. Fewer studies have explored the impacts of environmental change on autumn migration, especially at stopover sites. However, stopover sites are important, as the quality of these sites is expected to change over time. We investigated impacts of local environmental conditions on the migration strategy and body condition of the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) at an autumn migration stopover site using long-term ringing data (1996–2018) and local environmental conditions. We found that although the arrival and departure dates of birds at the stopover site remained unchanged, the body condition (fat score) of the individuals caught decreased, and the stopover duration increased. This suggests that conditions at the stopover site during the autumn migration period have deteriorated over time. This study emphasizes the importance of suitable stopover sites for migratory birds and stresses that changes in environmental conditions during the autumn migration period may be contributing to the current decline in long-distance migratory passerines.


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