Inversion polymorphism in a Connecticut River Axarus species (Diptera: Chironomidae): biometric effects of a triple inversion heterozygote

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean F Werle ◽  
Ed Klekowski ◽  
Douglas G Smith
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Larval Length ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
Inversion Heterozygote ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Paracentric Inversions ◽  
Over Time

The authors sampled three spatially isolated populations of a chironomid midge in the genus Axarus living in the Connecticut River both early and late in the larval life cycle of one generation. Larvae were scored for both length and inversion frequency using the polytene chromosomes from salivary gland cells. We found polymorphism for four paracentric inversions. Inversion C1–6 exhibits a geographic cline, increasing in frequency with increasing latitude but remaining stable over time. Also stable over time were two other paracentric inversions designated A1–5 and F13–20, which were present at similar frequencies in all populations. None of these inversions was associated with larval length. A complex triple inversion designated G2–7 was significantly correlated with decreased larval length and also exhibited a significant increase in frequency (within one cohort) in the two more northerly populations. We propose that this increase is due to size-selective predation eliminating larger larvae.

scholarly journals CHROMOSOMAL SEQUENCES AND INTERISLAND COLONIZATIONS IN HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-482
Author(s):  
Hampton L Carson
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Hawaiian Drosophila ◽  
On This Island ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Chromosomal Sequences ◽  
Founder Events ◽  
Paracentric Inversions ◽  
Single Set

ABSTRACT Of 103 picture-winged Drosophila species endemic to the high Hawaiian islands, all but three are endemic to single islands or island complexes. They are presumed to have evolved in situ on each island. The banding pattern sequences of the five major polytene chromosomes of these species have been mapped to a single set of Standard sequences. Sequential variation among these chromosomes is due to 213 paracentric inversions. An atlas of their break points is provided. Geographical, morphological and behavioral data may be used to supplement the cytological information in tracing ancestry. Starting at the newer end of the archipelago, the 26 species of the Island of Hawaii (less than 700,000 years old) are inferred to have been derived from 19 founders, 15 from the Maui complex, three from Oahu and one from Kauai. The existence of 40 Maui complex species is explicable as resulting from 12 founders, ten from Oahu and two from Kauai. The 29 Oahu species can be explained by 12 founder events, five from Kauai and seven from Maui complex (summary in Figure 5). Although the ancestry of two Kauai species can be traced to newer islands, the ten remaining ones on this island (age about 5.6 million years) are apparently ancient elements in the fauna, relating ultimately to Palearctic continental sources.

scholarly journals Chaos in DNA evolution

2016 ◽  
Vol 09 (05) ◽  
pp. 1650076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques M. Bahi ◽  
Christophe Guyeux ◽  
Antoine Perasso
Keyword(s):  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Chaotic Dynamic ◽  
Dna Evolution ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Over Time

In this paper, we explain why the chaotic mutation (CM) model of J. M. Bahi and C. Michel (2008) simulates the genes mutations over time with good accuracy. It is firstly shown that the CM model is a truly chaotic one, as it is defined by Devaney. Then, it is established that mutations occurring in genes mutations have indeed a same chaotic dynamic, thus making relevant the use of chaotic models for genomes evolution. Transposition and inversion dynamics are finally investigated.

IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDIES OF BASIC NUCLEAR PROTEINS

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. David ◽  
Margaret J. Corey
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Nuclear Proteins ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Phylogenetic Divergence ◽  
Tip Cells

Histone antibodies were obtained by injecting salt extracted calf thymus basic nuclear proteins into chickens. Fluorescent globulins were prepared from chicken antisera with precipitating antibodies against a single electrophoretic fraction of the nuclear protein extract. The fluorescent antiserum was specific for nuclei and chromosomes but was neither organ nor species specific. It reacted specifically with nuclei of cell imprints of bovine and human leucocytes, with polytene chromosomes from Chironomus salivary gland cells, and with nuclei from lily and onion root tip cells. It did not react with chicken blood smears. A decrease in the intensity of fluorescence roughly proportional to the phylogenetic divergence of the tested species was observed.These studies indicate that this basic nuclear protein fraction has acquired remarkably little variation over a long evolutionary period.

Population cytogenetic studies on Simulium feuerborni Edwards (Diptera: Simuliidae) from northern Thailand

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaliow Kuvangkadilok ◽  
Suwannee Phayuhasena ◽  
Visut Baimai
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Larval Salivary Gland ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Chiang Mai Province ◽  
Chromosome I ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

A standard photographic map of Simulium feuerborni (Diptera: Simuliidae) was constructed from larval salivary gland polytene chromosomes and is described herein. Analysis of polytene chromosomes was made from wild larvae collected from the four populations at Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Simulium feuerborni has three pairs of chromosomes (2n = 6) which are arranged from the longest to the shortest. Chromosome I is metacentric while chromosomes II and III are submetacentric. A total of six simple paracentric inversions have been detected in these natural populations of S. feuerborni. These inversions (IS-1, IL-1, IIL-1, IIL-2, IIIS-1, IIIL-1) occurred in all chromosome arms except for the arm IIS. Significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been observed in inversion IIIL-1 at Hui Sai Luaeng suggesting the existence of two gene pools in this population. There is no indication of sex linkage associated with an inversion sequence in these populations. Thus, the X and Y chromosomes of S. feuerborni could not be recognized in this study.Key words: Simulium, polytene chromosome map, inversion polymorphisms

Interpretation of Quaternary paleoecology from Cladocera and midges, and prognosis regarding usability of other organisms

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2208-2226 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Frey
Keyword(s):  
Selective Predation ◽  
Environmental Correlates ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Taxonomic Uncertainty ◽  
Clear Insight ◽  
Relative Frequency Distribution ◽  
Stick Model ◽  
Total Fauna ◽  
Over Time

Sedimentary remains of chydorid Cladocera are abundant and can be identified precisely to species. Their percentage composition by species in sediments is integrated over habitats and seasons. Under stable conditions the relative frequency distribution of species corresponds to the MacArthur broken-stick model, so that marked departures from the predicted distributions indicate perturbations in the system. Lakes differ greatly in their capacity to buffer the effects of external changes. Cladocera can also indicate fluctuations in lake level, the changing effectiveness over time of size-selective predation, and broad patterns of climatic change through invasion and extinction of species. The remains of dipterous larvae (chiefly Chironomidae) are not only much less abundant than Cladocera but also have a much greater taxonomic uncertainty. Nevertheless, the profundal taxa provide clear insight into changing conditions in the hypolimnion over time and of the long-term readjustments and changes in the total fauna and their environmental correlates. Rhizopods, neorhabdocoeles, and rotifers, although barely studied to date, give promise in helping interpret past conditions.

Polytene chromosome relationships of five species of the Anopheles dirus complex in Thailand

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anan Poopittayasataporn ◽  
Visut Baimai
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Anopheles Dirus ◽  
Structural Conformation ◽  
Salivary Gland Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

Photographic maps and rearrangements of each salivary gland polytene chromosome arm of Anopheles nemophilous (species F) and of An. dirus species A, B, C, and D of the Dirus group from natural populations in Thailand are presented. Structural conformation of heterokaryotypes and comparison of chromosome banding sequences reveal 10 paracentric inversions. The data on fixed inversion of 3Rb and inversion polymorphism of the X chromosome shared by these species were used to construct a phylogeny of the five members of the An. dirus complex, thereby outlining their patterns of speciation through chromosomal rearrangements.Key words: polytene chromosome rearrangements, Anopheles dirus, phylogeny.

The polytene chromosomes of Drosophila triauraria and D. quadraria, sibling species of D. auraria

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mavragani-Tsipidou ◽  
Z. G. Scouras ◽  
K. Haralampidis ◽  
S. Lavrentiadou ◽  
C. D. Kastritsis
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Paired Condition ◽  
Homozygous Strain ◽  
Paracentric Inversions ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance ◽  
Tandem Duplications

The polytene chromosomes of Drosophila triauraria and D. quadraria, two of the sibling species of D. auraria, were examined. The polytene chromosomes of all three species exhibit very clear homology. Unlike the stock of D. auraria that we studied, D. triauraria and D. quadraria carry heterozygous paracentric inversions. In both species, 2R and 3R are the arms where these inversions are concentrated. In addition, in D. quadraria, the 3L chromosome arm is very complicated because of heterozygous inversions. The mode of inheritance of these rearrangements was studied. A homozygous strain for all chromosome arms of D. triauraria was isolated, while a homozygous strain was obtained only for the arms X, 2L, 3L, and 4 of D. quadraria. Like D. auraria, both species show a large number of inverted tandem duplications in the paired condition, even in the chromosomes of their hybrids. Small deletions were also detected, one of which, in D. triauraria, is homozygous terminal. Hypotheses are discussed concerning the relationships of the species and the existence of inverted tandem duplications.Key words: Drosophila, duplications, inversions, deletions, evolution.

scholarly journals Chromosomal Homology and Molecular Organization of Muller's Elements D and E in the Drosophila repleta Species Group

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-295
Author(s):  
José María ◽  
Carmen Segarra ◽  
Alfredo Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Reciprocal Translocations ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Procedure ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

Thirty-three DNA clones containing protein-coding genes have been used for in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes of two Drosophila repleta group species, D. repleta and D. buzzatii. Twenty-six clones gave positive results allowing the precise localization of 26 genes and the tentative identification of another nine. The results were fully consistent with the currently accepted chromosomal homologies and in no case was evidence for reciprocal translocations or pericentric inversions found. Most of the genes mapped to chromosomes 2 and 4 that are homologous, respectively, to chromosome arms 3R and 3L of D. melanogaster (Muller's elements E and D). The comparison of the molecular organization of these two elements between D. melanogaster and D. repleta (two species that belong to different subgenera and diverged some 62 million years ago) showed an extensive reorganization via paracentric inversions. Using a maximum likelihood procedure, we estimated that 130 paracentric inversions have become fixed in element E after the divergence of the two lineages. Therefore, the evolution rate for element E is approximately one inversion per million years. This value is comparable to previous estimates of the rate of evolution of chromosome X and yields an estimate of 4.5 inversions per million years for the whole Drosophila genome.

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