The larvae of the Melolonthid beetle, Lachnosterna. consanguinea (Blanch.), have been found to be very destructive to sugarcane in the Dalmianagar area in Bihar, India, since 1956 when they were first recorded there. The pest has since been found to occur in serious numbers in certain adjoining areas and also in Bihta in Patna district. Damage is done by the larvae by feeding on cane roots. Heavily infested cane clumps dry out completely and in severe infestations as much as 80 per cent, of the crop is lost. The infestation occurs only on light sandy soils; crops on clay soils are not affected. The February-planted crop suffers more seriously than that planted in October. The adults have not so far been observed doing any damage to sugarcane.The emergence of adults starts in the last week of April, but a rush of emergence occurs only after the first shower of rain. The adults are nocturnal in habit and feed on leaves of certain bushes and trees during the night. They hide themselves in loose moist soil in day-time. Mating takes place after dusk during the flight season, and eggs are laid in the soil at a depth of 5 to 10 cm. The incubation period varies from 8 to 10 days. The young larvae move to cane roots after some initial feeding on grass roots. They are fully grown in 8 to 10 weeks' time when they move deeper into the soil and pupate in earthen cells at a depth of 0·3 to 1·5 m. The pupal period varies from 12 to 16 days and the pest overwinters in the adult stage. There is only one brood a year.The adults are active at night and are attracted to artificial light and can be destroyed in large numbers with the help of light-traps. Collections from the foliage of trees and shrubs at night is an easier and better method of destruction. Trials with insecticides applied as sprays to the foliage of shrubs in cages to which adults were immediately introduced showed that a suspension containing 0·5 per cent. DDT was effective and was superior to one of BHC.Replicated field trials carried out for the control of the larvae with various insecticides showed that BHG applied to the soil in a dust at the rate of 22·4 Ib. toxicant per acre was the most effective. This treatment, when applied-at planting time (February) had an adverse effect on germination; this effect was not observed when the application was made at the end of May. In subsequent replicated experiments, when BHC in a dust was applied in two instalments at the rate of 10 Ib. per acre at the end of May at the time of the rush of adult emergence, and in July, respectively, much better results were obtained without any adverse effect on the crop. BHC and other insecticides applied to the soil in sprays at 10 Ib. per acre at the end of May were ineffective.Amongst varieties of cane grown at the Bank Farm, Dalmianagar, Co.935 and B.O.3 showed a greater tolerance of injury by the larvae than the others.A Scoliid, Scolia aureipennis Lep., was observed to parasitise the grubs during September. The rate of parasitisation was only about 5 per cent.A disease caused by a fungus, Metarrhizium. anisopliae, was also observed to occur in the adults. Affected beetles died within 4 to 6 days.The common Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus) and the gecko (Gecko gecko) were seen preying on the adults in the evening when these were active. A number of birds, particularly the Indian crow (Corvus splendens) and mynah (Acridotheres tristis), also feed on the larvae when these are exposed during tillage operations.
Temporal Variation of Ecological Factors Affecting Bird Species Richness in Urban and Peri-Urban Forests in a Changing Environment: A Case Study from Milan (Northern Italy)