Biometry of the branchial plume in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Annelida)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann C Andersen ◽  
Sylvie Jolivet ◽  
Stéphanie Claudinot ◽  
François H Lallier
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
The Body ◽  
Riftia Pachyptila ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Trunk Length ◽  
Planimetric Measurements ◽  
Negative Growth

The branchial plume of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila is the main organ by which this mouth- and gut-less tubeworm directly exchanges metabolites with its environment. We estimated the total branchial surface area per unit wet mass, termed the specific branchial surface area (SBSA), from planimetric measurements. Changes in the SBSA during the growth of the worm were inferred from 16 individuals ranging from 1 to 112 g wet mass. Riftia pachyptila has a mean SBSA of 22 cm2·g–1, the second highest among all aquatic animals, representing 9 times the surface area of the rest of the body. Three significantly different classes of SBSA could be distinguished, corresponding to small, medium-sized, and large individuals. The SBSA values for small and medium-sized R. pachyptila are twice that for large individuals. Negative growth allometry between the length of the branchial plume and that of the trunk may be correlated with this variation in SBSA, the plume growing faster than the trunk in the small and medium-sized groups. In large individuals the trunk length exceeds the plume length, inducing an increase in body mass that lowers the SBSA. However, a lower SBSA does not imply reduced metabolite diffusion through the plume of large tubeworms, since their longer free filaments bear more developed pinnules, which are probably the preferred pathway of metabolite diffusion, owing to a minimal transepithelial distance of 2 µm.

A morphometric study of the lungs of different sized bats: correlations between structure and function of the chiropteran lung

1991 ◽  
Vol 333 (1266) ◽  
pp. 31-50 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Capillary Endothelium ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood

1. The lungs of four species of bats, Phyllostomus hastatus (PH, mean body mass, 98 g), Pteropus lylei (PL,456 g), Pteropus alecto (PA, 667 g), and Pteropus poliocephalus (PP, 928 g) were analysed by morphometric methods. These data increase fivefold the range of body masses for which bat lung data are available, and allow more representative allometric equations to be formulated for bats. 2. Lung volume ranged from 4.9 cm 3 for PH to 39 cm 3 for PP. The volume density of the lung parenchyma (i.e. the volume proportion of the parenchyma in the lung) ranged from 94% in PP to 89% in PH. Of the components of the parenchyma, the alveoli composed 89% and the blood capillaries about 5% . 3. The surface area of the alveoli exceeded that of the blood—gas (tissue) barrier and that of the capillary endothelium whereas the surface area of the red blood cells as well as that of the capillary endothelium was greater than that of the tissue barrier. PH had the thinnest tissue barrier (0.1204 μm) and PP had the thickest (0.3033 μm). 4. The body mass specific volume of the lung, that of the volume of pulmonary capillary blood, the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier, the diffusing capacity of the tissue barrier, and the total morphometric pulmonary diffusing capacity in PH all substantially exceeded the corresponding values of the pteropid species (i.e. PL, PA and PP). This conforms with the smaller body mass and hence higher unit mass oxygen consumption of PH, a feature reflected in the functionally superior gas exchange performance of its lungs. 5. Morphometrically, the lungs of different species of bats exhibit remarkable differences which cannot always be correlated with body mass, mode of flight and phylogeny. Conclusive explanations of these pulmonary structural disparities in different species of bats must await additional physiological and flight biomechanical studies. 6. While the slope, the scaling factor (b), of the allometric equation fitted to bat lung volume data (b = 0.82) exceeds the value for flight Vo 2max , (b = 0.70), those for the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier (b = 0.74), the pulmonary capillary blood volume (b = 0.74), and the total morphometric lung diffusing capacity for oxygen (b = 0.69) all correspond closely to the Vo 2max , value. 7 Allometric comparisons of the morphometric pulmonary parameters of bats, birds and non-flying mammals reveal that superiority of the bat lung over that of the non-flying mammal. However, the bat parameters relative to those of non-flying mammals deteriorate towards the higher body size range, because of the generally steeper slopes of the equations for non-flying mammals. Allometric comparisons also reveal that small-size bats have, in general, better adapted lungs than birds of equivalent size but at the higher body mass scale, bats are generally inferior to birds.

scholarly journals The Oxygen Requirements of Certain Aquatic Animals and its Bearing Upon the Source of Food Supply

1925 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-322
Author(s):  
W. J. DAKIN ◽  
CATHERINE M. G. DAKIN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Active Surface Area ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Waste Products

1. The original theory of the food supply of aquatic animals put forward by Pütter, and based upon the results of certain experiments and analyses, claimed that the chief source of food of such animals was organic matter dissolved in the sea, in lakes, rivers, etc., and that this was absorbed directly and indeed often by the gills, if present. The position he took up may be emphasised by his statement regarding fishes: "There is no doubt that a nutrition without dissolved foodstuffs is possible, and it is not impossible that cases of this kind are realised in nature. But the experiments at Naples show that the fish in the Naples aquarium under approximately natural conditions obtain one-half to threequarters or more of their food requirements by the absorption of dissolved food." 2. It is quite possible that small quantities of organic matter in solution in water are absorbed by aquatic animals, and in some cases (particularly amongst protozoa living under special conditions) this may be an important, perhaps the most important, source of food. It is also possible that very small quantities of organic matter in solution may eventually be found to exercise a very profound influence (acting like vitamines, for example) on the life of aquatic animals. Evidence for such is not evidence for the main thesis set up by Pütter on the results of his own experiments. 3. The food requirements of many aquatic animals as calculated by Pütter on the basis of oxygen consumption are often remarkably high and need further investigation. It is quite possible that there is an unknown factor at work here. In connection with these calculations we consider that purely theoretical computations based upon the measurement or estimation of the active surface area of the body are not permissible, and that the application of the law of surface area in connection.with metabolism must not be allowed to supplant experiment. 4. Experiments on goldfish similar to those made by Pütter, show that specimens kept in tap water without any particulate food live for varying periods (which are often of considerable duration) dependent upon the original condition of the fish, and the freedom of the experimental tanks from parasites. The addition of the organic compounds, glycerine and asparagine, makes no difference to the duration of life, and the consumption of oxygen by the fish living in tap water with these compounds does not exceed that of the control fish in tap water only. Gradual starvation takes place, and sections show that the mass of muscle tissue becomes gradually reduced. 5. The cessation of feeding on particulate food makes the fish particularly susceptible to the attacks of parasites (Chilodon cyprini and Gyrodactylus, sp.), if there is any chance of such infection. 6. The consumption of oxygen by plaice eggs during their development agrees fairly well with the amount computed from analyses of the composition of young eggs and eggs shortly before hatching, but the results are only approximate, although they fit in with the assumption that such floating eggs have their own food stores and absorb nothing from the sea water. 7. Aquatic organisms are not to be grouped in one class in so far as nutrition and metabolism are concerned. 8. It had frequently been noted that when the oxygen consumption of aquatic animals is measured, and the determination extends over several hours there is a gradual falling off during the experiment. It is necessary to look for this in every case before estimating the normal oxygen consumption over long periods. The variation may be due to handling the specimens at the beginning of the experiment, to the gradual reduction of the oxygen available, to the accumulation of waste products, or to time of feeding. We have found that goldfish, axolotls, and Anodon used in our experiments are to a certain extent independent of the oxygen pressure, which may fall considerably (until a certain minimum is reached) before the oxygen consumption of the animals per hour is affected.

Nitrogen metabolites and related enzymatic activities in the body fluids and tissues of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (19) ◽  
pp. 2907-2920 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. De Cian ◽  
M. Regnault ◽  
F.H. Lallier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Riftia Pachyptila ◽  
Purine Base ◽  
High Concentrations

The distribution of nitrogen metabolism end-products and the associated enzyme activities, free amino acids and purine base catabolites were investigated in all the body compartments (circulating fluids and tissues) of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila to acquire a general overview of nitrogen metabolism in this symbiotic organism. There were striking differences between the symbiont-containing trophosome tissue and other host tissues. High concentrations of ammonia, creatinine and, in particular, urate were found in all tissues, but they were present at consistently higher concentrations in the trophosome, which also contained large amounts of urea. Uric acid crystals were present at the periphery of trophosome lobules. The urea cycle appears to be fully functional in this tissue, which also uses creatine phosphate for phosphagen storage, while arginine phosphate or a combination of both phosphagens occurs in other tissues. The amino acid patterns are dominated by sulphated compounds in all tissues except the trophosome, which has high levels of aspartate and glutamate. Although no definitive conclusions could be drawn regarding the nitrogen regime of Riftia pachyptila, this in vitro study gives several indications for future research in this area.

Total burn surface area (TBSA): Propose of a new objective approach based on the body mass index (BMI)

Burns ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1138-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Lonardo ◽  
Davide Lazzeri ◽  
Christian Pascone ◽  
Tommaso Agostini
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body

191: Does the Body Mass Index Affect the Outcome Following Reconstruction of Orthotopic Neobladder?

2007 ◽  
Vol 177 (4S) ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
Murugesan Manoharan ◽  
Martha A. Reyes ◽  
Alan M. Nieder ◽  
Bruce R. Kava ◽  
MarkS Soloway
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Orthotopic Neobladder

EFFECT OF BODY MASS INDEX ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Subramanyam ◽  
Dr. P. Subhash Babu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Peak Expiratory Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
Expiratory Flow ◽  
Group B

Obesity has become one of the major health issues in India. WHO defines obesity as “A condition with excessive fat accumulation in the body to the extent that the health and wellbeing are adversely affected”. Obesity results from a complex interaction of genetic, behavioral, environmental and socioeconomic factors causing an imbalance in energy production and expenditure. Peak expiratory flow rate is the maximum rate of airflow that can be generated during forced expiratory manoeuvre starting from total lung capacity. The simplicity of the method is its main advantage. It is measured by using a standard Wright Peak Flow Meter or mini Wright Meter. The aim of the study is to see the effect of body mass index on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate values in young adults. The place of a study was done tertiary health care centre, in India for the period of 6 months. Study was performed on 80 subjects age group 20 -30 years, categorised as normal weight BMI =18.5 -24.99 kg/m2 and overweight BMI =25-29.99 kg/m2. There were 40 normal weight BMI (Group A) and 40 over weight BMI (Group B). BMI affects PEFR. Increase in BMI decreases PEFR. Early identification of risk individuals prior to the onset of disease is imperative in our developing country. Keywords: BMI, PEFR.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

Physical fitness of people with moderate and considerable intellectual disabilities

Physiotherapy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Ślężyńska ◽  
Grzegorz Mięsok ◽  
Kamila Mięsok
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intellectually Disabled ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Abdominal Muscle Strength

AbstractIntroduction: The aim of the physical activity of the intellectually disabled is the strengthening of health, creating movement habits, promoting active recreation, and maintaining exercise capacity. Skillfully applied physical activity allows to mitigate the effects of pathology and create the compensations to enable the intellectually disabled people to live relatively independently. Physical activity and sport also increase their chances to integrate with their families, peers, and social environment.Materials and methods: The research targeted a group of 134 people with moderate or considerable intellectual disability (65 women and 69 men), aged 20-53 years, who participated in occupational therapy workshops in Jastrzębie Zdrój, Rybnik, and Żory. Physical fitness was assessed using the “Eurofit Special” test and balance tests. Measurements of body height and mass were also taken and then used to calculate the body mass index (BMI).Results: A salient somatic trait was the greater body mass relative to height among the persons with considerable disability, clearly illustrated by the BMI. This explained their greater heaviness in performing physical exercises. An even greater difference between participants with moderate and considerable intellectual disability was visible in physical fitness. Obviously, older persons did not achieve as good results in fitness tests as the younger ones, yet the participants were more differentiated by the level of disability than age. Most symptomatic differences to the disadvantage of the considerably disabled were observed in explosive strength, speed, abdominal muscle strength, and flexibility.Conclusions: Significant differences in fitness between the compared groups make it necessary to take into account the level of intellectual disability in the course of physical education and sport, at work, and in household duties.

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