Physiological and behavioural responses of female mountain white-crowned sparrows to natal- and foreign-dialect songs

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A MacDougall-Shackleton ◽  
Elizabeth A MacDougall-Shackleton ◽  
Thomas P Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Song Learning ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Ovarian Growth ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys Oriantha ◽  
Song Preferences

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of early song learning on physiological and behavioural responses to song in adulthood in female mountain white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha). Juvenile females were captured before they had dispersed from their natal region. In experiment 1, natal-dialect song, foreign-dialect song, and heterospecific song were played back to the birds during photostimulation when they were 1 year old and physiological responses were measured. The physiological responses (luteinizing hormone and ovarian growth) did not indicate that natal-dialect song was more stimulating than foreign-dialect song. In experiment 2, behavioural responses (solicitation displays) to the same songs were measured when the birds were 2 years old. The birds showed a clear preference for natal-dialect song, exhibiting more displays to natal-dialect song than to foreign-dialect or heterospecific song. This effect was attenuated in birds that had heard heterospecific or foreign-dialect song when they were 1 year old. These results indicate a dissociation between behavioural preferences and longer-term physiological responses to song. Although there was a behavioural preference for natal-dialect song, this did not translate into enhanced physiological response as measured here. Moreover, natal dialect song preferences may be attenuated by adult experience.

scholarly journals Alarm calls elicit predator-specific physiological responses

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill M. Mateo
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Alarm Calls ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Cortisol Increase ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Very High

Glucocorticoids regulate glucose concentrations and responses to unpredictable events, while also modulating cognition. Juvenile Belding's ground squirrels ( Urocitellus beldingi ) learn to respond to whistle and trill alarm calls, warning of aerial and terrestrial predators, respectively, shortly after emerging from natal burrows at one month of age. Alarm calls can cause physiological reactions and arousal, and this arousal, coupled with watching adult responses, might help juveniles learn associations between calls and behavioural responses. I studied whether young show differential cortisol responses to alarm and non-alarm calls, using playbacks of U. beldingi whistles, trills, squeals (a conspecific control vocalization) and silent controls. Trills elicited very high cortisol responses, and, using an individual's response to the silent control as baseline, only their response to a trill was significantly higher than baseline. This cortisol increase would provide glucose for extended vigilance and escape efforts, which is appropriate for evading terrestrial predators which hunt for long periods. Although whistles do not elicit a cortisol response, previous research has shown that they do result in bradycardia, which enhances attention and information processing. This is a novel demonstration of two physiological responses to two alarm calls, each appropriate to the threats represented by the calls.

scholarly journals Transcriptional analysis of the response of C. elegans to ethanol exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. Sterken ◽  
Marijke H. van Wijk ◽  
Elizabeth C. Quamme ◽  
Joost A. G. Riksen ◽  
Lucinda Carnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Genetic Pathways ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Chronic Ethanol Consumption ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

AbstractEthanol-induced transcriptional changes underlie important physiological responses to ethanol that are likely to contribute to the addictive properties of the drug. We examined the transcriptional responses of Caenorhabditis elegans across a timecourse of ethanol exposure, between 30 min and 8 h, to determine what genes and genetic pathways are regulated in response to ethanol in this model. We found that short exposures to ethanol (up to 2 h) induced expression of metabolic enzymes involved in metabolizing ethanol and retinol, while longer exposure (8 h) had much more profound effects on the transcriptome. Several genes that are known to be involved in the physiological response to ethanol, including direct ethanol targets, were regulated at 8 h of exposure. This longer exposure to ethanol also resulted in the regulation of genes involved in cilia function, which is consistent with an important role for the effects of ethanol on cilia in the deleterious effects of chronic ethanol consumption in humans. Finally, we found that food deprivation for an 8-h period induced gene expression changes that were somewhat ameliorated by the presence of ethanol, supporting previous observations that worms can use ethanol as a calorie source.

Preliminary investigations of behavioural and physiological responses to castration in horses

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
R. A. Eager ◽  
J. Price ◽  
E. Welsh ◽  
N. K. Waran
Keyword(s):  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Welfare Issue ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
Equine Welfare ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pain Responses

Behavioural responses to pain are highly species specific and reflect varying strategies for survival. As prey animals, horses may fail to show obvious pain responses, instead masking pain to reduce predation through selection as the weakest of a group (Anil et al., 2002). Price et al. (2002) identified disagreement amongst vets regarding pain assessment and management in horses. This was highlighted by recent debate concerning the existence of post-castration pain and the necessity for analgesia in equines (e.g., Capner 2001; Green 2001). While optimal assessment and management of pain is an important equine welfare issue, the behaviours of horses in response to pain are poorly defined (Raekallio et al. 1997) and the relevance of physiological indicators not confirmed. Palpation or human interaction tests, used in other species (e.g. Holton et al 1998), have yet to be validated in horses. This study aimed to identify and quantify potential behavioural indicators of post-castration pain in horses.

scholarly journals Influencing the physiology and decisions of groups: Physiological linkage during group decision-making

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Thorson ◽  
Oana D. Dumitru ◽  
Wendy Berry Mendes ◽  
Tessa V. West
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
High Status ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Physiological Linkage ◽  
To Come ◽  
Middle Status

Many of the most important decisions in our society are made within groups, yet we know little about how the physiological responses of group members predict the decisions that groups make. In the current work, we examine whether physiological linkage from “senders” to “receivers”—which occurs when a sender’s physiological response predicts a receiver’s physiological response—is associated with senders’ success at persuading the group to make a decision in their favor. We also examine whether experimentally manipulated status—an important predictor of social behavior—is associated with physiological linkage. In groups of 5, we randomly assigned 1 person to be high status, 1 low status, and 3 middle status. Groups completed a collaborative decision-making task that required them to come to a consensus on a decision to hire 1 of 5 firms. Unbeknownst to the 3 middle-status members, high- and low-status members surreptitiously were told to each argue for different firms. We measured cardiac interbeat intervals of all group members throughout the decision-making process to assess physiological linkage. We found that the more receivers were physiologically linked to senders, the more likely groups were to make a decision in favor of the senders. We did not find that people were physiologically linked to their group members as a function of their fellow group members’ status. This work identifies physiological linkage as a novel correlate of persuasion and highlights the need to understand the relationship between group members’ physiological responses during group decision-making.

Effects of daytime melatonin infusion in young adults

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (1) ◽  
pp. E19-E26
Author(s):  
Cameron J. Van Den Heuvel ◽  
David J. Kennaway ◽  
Drew Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Hand Temperature ◽  
Melatonin Administration ◽  
Significant Attenuation ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Melatonin Production ◽  
Endogenous Melatonin

Daytime oral melatonin typically exerts soporific and thermoregulatory effects; however, it is not clear whether these effects reflect the normal physiological response to endogenous nocturnal melatonin production. We infused melatonin at doses that produced physiological and supraphysiological steady-state levels in 24 young adults during two daytime bed rest protocols. From 1000 to 1630, subjects were infused intravenously with saline or melatonin in counterbalanced order. Each group of eight subjects received melatonin (and saline) infusions at one dose rate: 0.04 μg ⋅ h−1 ⋅ kg body wt−1 (low), 0.08 μg ⋅ h−1 ⋅ kg−1(medium), or 8.0 μg ⋅ h−1 ⋅ kg−1(high). Low and medium melatonin infusions produced plasma and saliva levels within the normal nocturnal range observed in young adults. These levels were not associated with any changes in rectal, hand, forehead, or tympanic temperatures or with subjective sleepiness. High melatonin produced supraphysiological plasma and saliva levels and was associated with a significant attenuation in the daytime increase in rectal temperature, significantly increased hand temperature, and greater sleepiness. It is not yet clear whether the thermoregulatory and soporific effects of daytime supraphysiological melatonin administration are equivalent to the physiological responses to endogenous melatonin.

scholarly journals The role of carbon dioxide in nematode behaviour and physiology

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (8) ◽  
pp. 841-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navonil Banerjee ◽  
Elissa A. Hallem
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sensory Cue ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is an important sensory cue for many animals, including both parasitic and free-living nematodes. Many nematodes show context-dependent, experience-dependent and/or life-stage-dependent behavioural responses to CO2, suggesting that CO2 plays crucial roles throughout the nematode life cycle in multiple ethological contexts. Nematodes also show a wide range of physiological responses to CO2. Here, we review the diverse responses of parasitic and free-living nematodes to CO2. We also discuss the molecular, cellular and neural circuit mechanisms that mediate CO2 detection in nematodes, and that drive context-dependent and experience-dependent responses of nematodes to CO2.

scholarly journals Responses of Adult White-Crowned Sparrows to Playback of Song Phrases: Implications for the Ontogeny of Song Recognition

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Soha ◽  
Carol Whaling
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Change ◽  
Song Learning ◽  
Melospiza Melodia ◽  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Song Sparrow ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys ◽  
Song Recognition ◽  
Song Types

Abstract We examined the contribution of individual song phrases to territorial behavior in Nuttall's White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) in the Bodega, California, dialect area. We presented territorial adult males with playbacks of five song types: local conspecific song, three single phrase types of local conspecific song, and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) song. Local conspecific song evoked the strongest response, measured in latency to flight, number of flights, average and closest distance from playback speaker, and vocal response. Of individual song phrases, the trill evoked the strongest response, and the whistle evoked the weakest. Combining these results with those of previous studies on young birds, we describe a model of developmental change from responsiveness to all phrase types in dependent fledglings, through reliance on a species-universal phrase as a cue for song learning, to the use of a more variable, dialect-distinct phrase as a territorial signal by adults. Respuestas de Adultos de Zonotrichia leucophrys al Playback de Cantos: Implicancias para la Ontogenia del Reconocimiento de Cantos Resumen. Examinamos la contribución de frases individuales de canto al comportamiento territorial de Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli en el área del dialecto de Bodega, California. Enfrentamos a machos adultos territoriales con playbacks de cinco tipos de canto: canto local de aves coespecíficas, tres tipos de frases individuales de canto local de aves coespecíficas, y canto de Melospiza melodia. El canto local de aves coespecíficas produjo la respuesta más fuerte, medida como latencia a volar, número de vuelos, distancia media y mínima a la estación de playback, y respuesta vocal. De las frases individuales de canto, el trino produjo la respuesta más fuerte y el silbido la más débil. Combinando estos resultados con aquellos de estudios anteriores en aves jóvenes, describimos un modelo de cambio en las etapas del desarrollo del canto que va desde la respuesta a todos los tipos de frases en volantones dependientes, pasando por una etapa de dependencia de una frase común a todas las especies como guía para aprender cantos, hasta el uso de una frase dialéctica distintiva como señal territorial en los adultos.

Simultaneous measurement of intracellular pH and Ca2+ using the fluorescence of SNARF-1 and fura-2

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. C297-C307 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Martinez-Zaguilan ◽  
G. M. Martinez ◽  
F. Lattanzio ◽  
R. J. Gillies
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fura 2 ◽  
Fluorescence Characteristics

Upon cell stimulation with hormones and other mitogens, a variety of biochemical and physiological responses occur within the first few minutes. Changes in both intracellular pH (pHin) and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]in) are prominent and play a major role in the signal transduction mechanism leading to the physiological response, i.e., secretion, neurotransmission, proliferation, or differentiation. However, it is not clear whether these ions work independently in the activation pathway leading to a particular physiological response. The fluorescence characteristics of most Ca2+ indicators are pH sensitive, and quantitative estimates of [Ca2+]in cannot be made without knowledge of pHin. Thus it is desirable to have a technique to simultaneously monitor these two ions with relatively high time resolution. Here we have developed experimental conditions that allow us to use optimum emission conditions for a pH fluorescent indicator SNARF-1 and optimum excitation conditions for the Ca2+ indicator fura-2. The fluorescence spectra of these compounds are sufficiently different to allow simultaneous measurement of pH and Ca2+ both in vitro and in situ. We have observed simultaneous changes in both pHin and [Ca2+]in in BALB/c 3T3 cells on treatment with the nonfluorescent Ca2+ ionophore 4-bromo-A23187. This temporal relationship between pHin and Ca2+ gives further credence to the interrelationship between these two second messengers in the expression of physiological responses.

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