Immune defense and biological responses induced by toxics in Annelida

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Dhainaut ◽  
Patrick Scaps
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Induced Proteins

The phylum Annelida comprises primitive coelomates that possess specially developed cellular immunity against pathogens. Active phagocytosis by coelomocytes occurs in the struggle against bacteria in Polychaeta and Oligochaeta. Encapsulation plays an important role in defense against parasites, and experimental studies have demonstrated that cooperation between different coelomocyte populations occurs in this process. Spontaneous cytotoxicity of coelomocytes against xenogenic or allogenic cells is analogous with that of vertebrate natural killer cells. Graft rejection is a model for studying the activity of these cells. Accelerated rejection following multiple transplantation reveals that the cellular immune defense system has a short-term memory. In humoral immunity, agglutinins aggregate foreign material and their level is enhanced by antigens; in Annelida, however, no specificity analogous to vertebrate antibodies has been revealed, except for weak specificity of some antigen-binding proteins. Hemolytic substances have been detected, particularly in Oligochaeta, where a fetidin possesses bactericidal activity. Lysozyme and some antibacterial proteins also occur in Polychaeta. Annelida react to physical and chemical insults by various processes. These responses are mainly due to synthesis of stress-induced proteins, inhibition of enzyme activity, and modulation (inhibition or stimulation) of the activity of enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Moreover, these responses frequently differ from those of vertebrates, particularly in terms of the nature of inducers. In other respects, these responses are extremely variable in Annelida, even in closely related species.

The capacity of short term memory from an evolutionary perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Manoochehri
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Memory span in humans has been intensely studied for more than a century. In spite of the critical role of memory span in our cognitive system, which intensifies the importance of fundamental determinants of its evolution, few studies have investigated it by taking an evolutionary approach. Overall, we know hardly anything about the evolution of memory components. In the present study, I briefly review the experimental studies of memory span in humans and non-human animals and shortly discuss some of the relevant evolutionary hypotheses.

scholarly journals A Novel Long Short-Term Memory Based Optimal Strategy for Bio-Inspired Material Design

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1389
Author(s):  
Bin Ding ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Yuli Chen
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Nanoscale Level

Biological materials have attracted a lot of attention due to their simultaneous superior stiffness and toughness, which are conventionally attributed to their staggered structure (also known as brick and mortar) at the most elementary nanoscale level and self-similar hierarchy at the overall level. Numerous theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies have been conducted to determine the mechanism behind the load-bearing capacity of the staggered structure, while few studies focus on whether the staggered structure is globally optimal in the entire design space at the nanoscale level. Here, from the view of structural optimization, we develop a novel long short-term memory (LSTM) based iterative strategy for optimal design to demonstrate the simultaneous best stiffness and toughness of the staggered structure. Our strategy is capable of both rapid discovery and high accuracy based on less than 10% of the entire design space. Besides, our strategy could obtain and maintain all of the best sample configurations during iterations, which can hardly be done by the convolutional neural network (CNN)-based optimal strategy. Moreover, we discuss the possible future material design based on the failure point of the staggered structure. The LSTM-based optimal design strategy is general and universal, and it may be employed in many other mechanical and material design fields with the premise of conservation of mass and multiple optimal sample configurations.

Memories and Engrams a Clinical Viewpoint

1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Kral
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Temporal Contiguity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Clinicopathological Findings

Memory research is based on the assumption that a more or less permanent trace of previous experience, an “engram”, is being laid down somewhere in the brain and memory research is still “the search of the engram”. However, the clinician engaged in memory research has to be aware of the fact that he is dealing with memories and behavioural change, but not with engrams. Nevertheless, clinicopathological studies as well as the introduction of animal experiments into memory research using stimulation ablation and chemical methods have led to some progress in the search of the engram. The parallelism of the clinical observations and the experimental studies seems to indicate that one has to differentiate two kinds of memory trace, a short term trace which under normal conditions becomes consolidated into a permanent trace, while pathologically, the consolidation process does not take place. There are reasons to believe that the short term trace may be initiated or even maintained for a short time electrophysiologically by reverberating circuits in certain cell assemblies. This may set into action changes at the synapses probably by means of cholinergic and/or adrenergic enzyme systems. The mode of action of the electrophysiological and biochemical changes underlying short term retention, however, is only poorly understood and this also applies to the biochemical changes which are assumed to take place during the consolidation process and which eventually form the basis of the permanent engram. The clinicopathological findings seem to indicate that the short term memory traces of human experiences, which are always multisensorial, are distributed over the various relevant neocortical areas. The specific partial short term memory traces are integrated at first by the factor of temporal contiguity and form the basis of short term personal memories which characterize the memory function in clouded states and in chronic amnestic syndromes. The cortex seems also to be responsible for the consolidation of the “partial memories” while a bilaterally intact limbic system is necessary for the integration of the short term memory traces into consolidated long term engrams of “personal memories”.

scholarly journals Experimental effects of acute exercise on forgetting

2020 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-375
Author(s):  
D.C. Moore ◽  
S. Ryu ◽  
P.D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractObjectivePrior research has evaluated the effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function. These studies have, on occasion, demonstrated that acute exercise may enhance both short- and long-term memory. It is uncertain as to whether the acute exercise improvements in long-term memory are a result of acute exercise attenuating declines in long-term memory, or rather, are driven by the enhancement effects of acute exercise on short-term memory. The present empirical study evaluates whether the decline from short- to long-term is influenced by acute exercise. This relationship is plausible as exercise has been shown to activate neurophysiological pathways (e.g., RAC1) that are involved in the mechanisms of forgetting.MethodsTo evaluate the effects of acute exercise on forgetting, we used data from 12 of our laboratory's prior experiments (N = 538). Across these 12 experiments, acute exercise ranged from 10 to 15 mins in duration (moderate-to-vigorous intensity). Episodic memory was assessed from word-list or paragraph-based assessments. Short-term memory was assessed immediately after encoding, with long-term memory assessed approximately 20-min later. Forgetting was calculated as the difference in short- and long-term memory performance.ResultsAcute exercise (vs. seated control) was not associated with an attenuated forgetting effect (d = 0.10; 95% CI: −0.04, 0.25, P = 0.17). We observed no evidence of a significant moderation effect (Q = 6.16, df = 17, P = 0.17, I2 = 0.00) for any of the evaluated parameters, including study design, exercise intensity and delay period.ConclusionAcross our 12 experimental studies, acute exercise was not associated with an attenuated forgetting effect. We discuss these implications for future research that evaluates the effects of acute exercise on long-term memory function.

scholarly journals The evolution of primate short-term memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Many Primates
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Primate Cognition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Response Task

Short-term memory is implicated in a range of cognitive abilities and is critical for understanding primate cognitive evolution. To investigate the effects of phylogeny, ecology and sociality on short-term memory ability, we tested 421 non-human primates across 41 species in a pre-registered, experimental delayed-response task. Our results confirm previous findings that longer delays decrease memory performance across species and taxa. Our analyses demonstrate a considerable contribution of phylogeny over ecological and social factors on the distribution of short-term memory performance in primates; closely related species had more similar short-term memory abilities. However, interdependencies between phylogeny and socioecology of a given species present an obstacle to disentangling the effects of each of these factors on the evolution of short-term memory capacity. The dataset corresponding to the study is freely accessible and constitutes an important resource for studying the evolution of primate cognition.

scholarly journals Commentary on special issue: Syntax and verbal short term memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-506
Author(s):  
Nick Riches
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Complex Sentences

Short term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) performance consistently predict language abilities in children with developmental language disorders. However, causality is not fully established. Moreover, evidence from the fine-grained analysis of STM/WM tasks and comprehension of complex sentences, suggests that long term memory (LTM) representations play an important role. Critical assessment of the articles in the special edition focuses on Zebib et al. and Stanford and Delage. Zebib et al. find that sentence repetition by bilingual language-impaired children more strongly reflects WM than overall linguistic ability. This suggests a dependence on WM when linguistic representations are impoverished. However, the process of ranking predictors is problematic. Stanford and Delage find that STM/WM difficulties affect the processing of complex sentences by individuals with Specific Learning Disabilities. Yet, LTM-based explanations focusing on input frequency may also explain this phenomenon. To make progress we need a combination of experimental studies and large-scale longitudinal studies.

scholarly journals Visual preferences prediction for a photo gallery based on image captioning methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-626
Author(s):  
A.S. Kharchevnikova ◽  
A.V. Savchenko
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Image Captioning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

The paper considers a problem of extracting user preferences based on their photo gallery. We propose a novel approach based on image captioning, i.e., automatic generation of textual descriptions of photos, and their classification. Known image captioning methods based on convolutional and recurrent (Long short-term memory) neural networks are analyzed. We train several models that combine the visual features of a photograph and the outputs of an Long short-term memory block by using Google's Conceptual Captions dataset. We examine application of natural language processing algorithms to transform obtained textual annotations into user preferences. Experimental studies are carried out using Microsoft COCO Captions, Flickr8k and a specially collected dataset reflecting the user’s interests. It is demonstrated that the best quality of preference prediction is achieved using keyword search methods and text summarization from Watson API, which are 8 % more accurate compared to traditional latent Dirichlet allocation. Moreover, descriptions generated by trained neural models are classified 1 – 7 % more accurately when compared to known image captioning models.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Working, Declarative, and Procedural Memory in Children With Developmental Language Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 4162-4178
Author(s):  
Emily Jackson ◽  
Suze Leitão ◽  
Mary Claessen ◽  
Mark Boyes
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Spatial

Purpose Previous research into the working, declarative, and procedural memory systems in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this research was to profile these memory systems in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Method One hundred four 5- to 8-year-old children participated in the study. Fifty had DLD, and 54 were typically developing. Aspects of the working memory system (verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and visual–spatial short-term memory) were assessed using a nonword repetition test and subtests from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children. Verbal and visual–spatial declarative memory were measured using the Children's Memory Scale, and an audiovisual serial reaction time task was used to evaluate procedural memory. Results The children with DLD demonstrated significant impairments in verbal short-term and working memory, visual–spatial short-term memory, verbal declarative memory, and procedural memory. However, verbal declarative memory and procedural memory were no longer impaired after controlling for working memory and nonverbal IQ. Declarative memory for visual–spatial information was unimpaired. Conclusions These findings indicate that children with DLD have deficits in the working memory system. While verbal declarative memory and procedural memory also appear to be impaired, these deficits could largely be accounted for by working memory skills. The results have implications for our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying language impairment in the DLD population; however, further investigation of the relationships between the memory systems is required using tasks that measure learning over long-term intervals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13250180

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

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