Regional intercostal activity during coughing and vomiting in decerebrate cats

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1195-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Iscoe ◽  
Laurent Grélot
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
Laryngeal Nerves ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

Regional variations in the discharge patterns of the internal and external intercostal muscles of the middle and caudad thorax were studied in decerebrate, spontaneously breathing cats during coughing and vomiting. Coughing, induced by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves, consisted of increased and prolonged diaphragmatic activity followed by a burst of abdominal activity. Mid-thoracic external and internal intercostal muscles discharged synchronously with the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, respectively. Caudal external and internal intercostal muscles, however, discharged synchronously with the abdominal muscles. Vomiting, induced by stimulation of the lower thoracic vagi, consisted of a series of synchronous bursts of diaphragmatic and abdominal activity (retching) followed by a prolonged abdominal discharge after the cessation of diaphragmatic activity (expulsion). Caudal external and internal intercostals discharged in phase with diaphragmatic and abdominal activity but both mid-thoracic intercostal muscles discharged out of phase with these muscles. These results indicate major differences in the control and functional roles of intercostal muscles at different thoracic levels during these behaviours.Key words: diaphragm, abdominal muscles, intercostal muscles.

Fastigial nucleus-mediated respiratory responses depend on the medullary gigantocellular nucleus

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1713-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Xu ◽  
Tongrong Zhou ◽  
Tonya Gibson ◽  
Donald T. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Responses ◽  
Gigantocellular Nucleus ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electrical stimulation of the rostral fastigial nucleus (FNr) alters respiration via activation of local neurons. We hypothesized that this FNr-mediated respiratory response was dependent on the integrity of the nucleus gigantocellularis of the medulla (NGC). Electrical stimulation of the FNr in 15 anesthetized and tracheotomized spontaneously breathing rats significantly altered ventilation by 35.2 ± 11.0% ( P < 0.01) with the major effect being excitatory (78%). This respiratory response did not significantly differ from control after lesions of the NGC via bilateral microinjection of kainic or ibotenic acid (4.5 ± 1.9%; P > 0.05) but persisted in sham controls. Eight other rats, in which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution was previously microinjected into the left NGC, served as nonstimulation controls or were exposed to either 15-min repeated electrical stimulation of the right FNr or hypercapnia for 90 min. Histochemical and immunocytochemical data showed that the right FNr contained clustered HRP-labeled neurons, most of which were double labeled with c-Fos immunoreactivity in both electrically and CO2-stimulated rats. We conclude that the NGC receives monosynaptic FNr inputs and is required for fully expressing FNr-mediated respiratory responses.

Central command, but not muscle reflex, stimulates cutaneous sympathetic efferents of cats

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. H1552-H1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeen M. Hill ◽  
Marc P. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Muscle Afferents ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Hairy Skin ◽  
Sympathetic Efferents ◽  
Muscle Reflex ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Sympathetic Discharge ◽  
Stimulation Of

We determined the effects of stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and the muscle reflex, each evoked separately, on the discharge of cutaneous sympathetic fibers innervating the hairy skin of decerebrate cats. Electrical stimulation of the MLR was performed while the cats were paralyzed with vecuronium bromide. The muscle reflex was evoked while the cats were not paralyzed by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve at current intensities that did not activate directly group III and IV muscle afferents. MLR stimulation increased, on average, the discharge of the 23 cutaneous sympathetic fibers tested ( P < 0.05). The muscle reflex, in contrast, had no overall effect on the discharge of 21 sympathetic fibers tested ( P > 0.05). Both maneuvers markedly increased mean arterial pressure and heart rate ( P < 0.05). Prevention of the baroreceptor reflex with the α-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine did not reveal a stimulatory effect of the muscle reflex on cutaneous sympathetic discharge. We conclude that the MLR is a more important mechanism than is the muscle reflex in controlling sympathetic discharge to hairy skin during dynamic exercise.

Relation of Posttetanic Potentiation to Subnormality of Lateral Geniculate Potentials

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward V. Evarts ◽  
John R. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Posttetanic Potentiation ◽  
Postsynaptic Response ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

The lateral geniculate response to electrical stimulation of the optic nerve was recorded in decerebrate cats and in cats anesthetized with Nembutal. Tetanization of the optic nerve at 500/sec. for 20 seconds in nembutalized cats produced a prolonged second subnormality of the geniculate postsynaptic response. Further tetanization during tetanically-induced second subnormality produced posttetanic potentiation (PTP). The degree of PTP (expressed in percentage of the pretetanic level) of the postsynaptic response following a 20-second tetanus was proportional to the degree of second subnormality present at the time the tetanus was applied. PTP was also found to occur during the subnormality which followed a brief train of optic nerve shocks, and during LSD-induced subnormality. PTP of postsynaptic lateral geniculate potentials occurred only rarely in the absence of some form of intentionally induced subnormality.

Properties of the laryngeal chemoreflex in neonatal piglets

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (1) ◽  
pp. R30-R36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Lee ◽  
B. J. Stoll ◽  
S. E. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Respiratory Arrest ◽  
Relative Potency ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Laryngeal Nerves ◽  
Respiratory Inhibition ◽  
Respiratory Stimulant ◽  
Inhibitory Reflex ◽  
Stimulation Of

Cardiorespiratory reflex responses to laryngeal chemoreceptor stimulation were studied in 62 piglets of both sexes varying in age from 1 to 79 days. The distal trachea was cannulated to provide a free airway and the proximal end used to introduce fluids into the laryngeal area. Introduction of either water or milk produced apnea, bradycardia, and hypertension. Swab application of test fluids to the laryngeal epithelium produced similar responses. The reflex could be interrupted by flushing the laryngeal region with saline, by cutting the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN) or by anesthetizing the laryngeal epithelium with lidocaine. Electrical stimulation of SLN elicited identical responses. Respiratory inhibition by the reflex was enhanced following central depression with chloralose and overridden by administration of the respiratory stimulant, aminophylline. The relative potency of the laryngeal reflex was estimated to be equivalent to about 40% of the dose of chloralose which produced permanent respiratory arrest. It is concluded that in circumstances where respiratory drive is reduced the laryngeal inhibitory reflex is capable of caused persistent apnea and asphyxial death in the young piglet.

scholarly journals Detection of activity-dependent vasopressin release from neuronal dendrites and axon terminals using sniffer cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 1386-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Zaelzer ◽  
Claire Gizowski ◽  
Christopher K. Salmon ◽  
Keith K. Murai ◽  
Charles W. Bourque
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
Human Embryonic Kidney Cells ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Neuronal Dendrites ◽  
Calcium Indicator ◽  
Stimulation Of

Our understanding of neuropeptide function within neural networks would be improved by methods allowing dynamic detection of peptide release in living tissue. We examined the usefulness of sniffer cells as biosensors to detect endogenous vasopressin (VP) release in rat hypothalamic slices and from isolated neurohypophyses. Human embryonic kidney cells were transfected to express the human V1a VP receptor (V1aR) and the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6m. The V1aR couples to Gq11, thus VP binding to this receptor causes an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] that can be detected by a rise in GCaMP6 fluorescence. Dose-response analysis showed that VP sniffer cells report ambient VP levels >10 pM (EC50 = 2.6 nM), and this effect could be inhibited by the V1aR antagonist SR 49059. When placed over a coverslip coated with sniffer cells, electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis provoked a reversible, reproducible, and dose-dependent increase in VP release using as few as 60 pulses delivered at 3 Hz. Suspended sniffer cells gently plated over a slice adhered to the preparation and allowed visualization of VP release in discrete regions. Electrical stimulation of VP neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus caused significant local release as well as VP secretion in distant target sites. Finally, action potentials evoked in a single magnocellular neurosecretory cell in the supraoptic nucleus provoked significant VP release from the somatodendritic compartment of the neuron. These results indicate that sniffer cells can be used for the study of VP secretion from various compartments of neurons in living tissue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The specific functional roles of neuropeptides in neuronal networks are poorly understood due to the absence of methods allowing their real-time detection in living tissue. Here, we show that cultured “sniffer cells” can be engineered to detect endogenous release of vasopressin as an increase in fluorescence.

scholarly journals Breathing synchronized electrical stimulation of the abdominal muscles in patients with acute tetraplegia

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (SI-1 Track-R) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schauer ◽  
R. Stephan ◽  
A. Niedeggen ◽  
T. Liebscher ◽  
J. Dorien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Stimulation Of

Discharge patterns of cat primary auditory fibers with electrical stimulation of the cochlea

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Hartmann ◽  
Georg Topp ◽  
Rainer Klinke
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Stimulation Of
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