Role of the adrenal gland in the thermal response to morphine withdrawal in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1090-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Katovich ◽  
David Pitman ◽  
Orit Schechtman
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Morphine Withdrawal ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

Administration of naloxone to morphine-dependent rats results in an elevation of tail skin temperature and a fall in core temperature. Previous studies have demonstrated a role of the adrenal gland in the thermal responses that accompany morphine withdrawal in the rat. In the present study, experiments were designed to determine if the duration of adrenalectomy significantly influenced the thermal response observed in morphine withdrawal. In addition we evaluated the influence of the adrenal medulla and glucocorticoid replacement in adrenalectomized rats in mediating the thermal responses of the morphine-dependent rat. Ovariectomized rats were addicted to morphine and subsequently withdrawn by administration of naloxone. This treatment results in a significant rise in tail skin temperature and subsequent fall in colonic temperature. These thermal responses were not observed in morphine-naive rats. Adrenalectomy resulted in a significant attenuation of the rise in tail skin temperature associated with withdrawal. This reduced tail skin temperature response was not different among animals adrenalectomized for 1, 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. Likewise, the moderate increase in core temperature associated with morphine treatment was not observed in the adrenalectomized rats. Serum corticosteroid determinations confirmed the loss of the adrenal steroids in the adrenalectomized rats. In a subsequent experiment it was determined that adrenal demedullation did not reduce the tail skin temperature response during morphine withdrawal, and corticosteroids restored the naloxone-induced surge in tail skin temperature in morphine-dependent, adrenalectomized rats. Collectively, these data suggest a role for the adrenal gland, especially the cortical region, in allowing for full expression of the skin temperature changes associated with withdrawal in morphine-dependent animals.Key words: corticosterone, tail skin temperature, morphine withdrawal, adrenal gland, thermal response, naloxone.

scholarly journals Core Temperature in Triathletes during Swimming with Wetsuit in 10 °C Cold Water

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørgen Melau ◽  
Maria Mathiassen ◽  
Trine Stensrud ◽  
Mike Tipton ◽  
Jonny Hisdal
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
Ironman Distance

Low water temperature (<15 °C) has been faced by many organizers of triathlons and swim-runs in the northern part of Europe during recent years. More knowledge about how cold water affects athletes swimming in wetsuits in cold water is warranted. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the physiological response when swimming a full Ironman distance (3800 m) in a wetsuit in 10 °C water. Twenty triathletes, 37.6 ± 9 years (12 males and 8 females) were recruited to perform open water swimming in 10 °C seawater; while rectal temperature (Tre) and skin temperature (Tskin) were recorded. The results showed that for all participants, Tre was maintained for the first 10–15 min of the swim; and no participants dropped more than 2 °C in Tre during the first 30 min of swimming in 10 °C water. However; according to extrapolations of the results, during a swim time above 135 min; 47% (8/17) of the participants in the present study would fall more than 2 °C in Tre during the swim. The results show that the temperature response to swimming in a wetsuit in 10 °C water is highly individual. However, no participant in the present study dropped more than 2 °C in Tre during the first 30 min of the swim in 10 °C water.

Regulation of hepatic copper in the rat by the adrenal gland

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gregoriadis ◽  
T. L. Sourkes
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Serum Ceruloplasmin ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Excess Copper ◽  
Copper Balance ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

The concentration of hepatic copper in the adult rat is increased above control values (17%, P < 0.05) 6 weeks following adrenalectomy. At the same time, renal copper is decreased (23%, P < 0.01) and ceruloplasmin (serum oxidase activity) is increased. Administration of deoxycorticosterone or hydrocortisone for 1–2 weeks does not affect the concentration of hepatic copper or serum ceruloplasmin in the intact rat. A role of the adrenals in the metabolism of copper is observed in animals in positive copper balance, achieved by administering Cu2+ intraperitoneally; greater amounts of copper accumulate in the liver of adrenalectomized rats than sham-operated animals. Furthermore, the rate of elimination of the excess copper from the liver of copper-injected rats is reduced following adrenalectomy. 11-Hydroxycorticosteroids have a limited but favorable effect on this process; deoxycorticosterone treatment results in higher concentrations of hepatic copper in such animals.

Role of core temperature as a stimulus for cold acclimation during repeated immersion in 20°C water

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine O'Brien ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
Dae T. Lee ◽  
Avraham Shitzer ◽  
Michael N. Sawka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Temperature Reduction ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Vasoconstrictor Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sufficient Stimulus

The relative importance of skin vs. core temperature for stimulating cold acclimation (CA) was examined by 5 wk of daily 1-h water immersions (20°C) in resting (RG) and exercising (EG) subjects. Rectal temperature fell (0.8°C; P < 0.05) during immersion only in RG. Skin temperature fell ( P < 0.05) similarly in both groups. Physiological responses during cold-air exposure (90 min, 5°C) were assessed before and after CA. Body temperatures and metabolic heat production were similar in both groups with no change due to CA. Cardiac output was lower ( P < 0.05) in both groups post-CA (10.4 ± 1.2 l/min) than pre-CA (12.2 ± 1.0 l/min), but mean arterial pressure was unchanged (pre-CA 107 ± 2 mmHg, post-CA 101 ± 2 mmHg). The increase in norepinephrine was greater ( P < 0.05) post-CA (954 ± 358 pg/ml) compared with pre-CA (1,577 ± 716 pg/ml) for RG, but CA had no effect on the increase in norepinephrine for EG (pre-CA 1,288 ± 438 pg/ml, post-CA 1,074 ± 279 pg/ml). Skin temperature reduction alone may be a sufficient stimulus during CA for increased vasoconstrictor response, but core temperature reduction appears necessary to enhance sympathetic activation during cold exposure.

Temperature regulation by hypothalamic proportional control with an adjustable set point

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1146-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Hammel ◽  
D. C. Jackson ◽  
J. A. J. Stolwijk ◽  
J. D. Hardy ◽  
S. B. Stromme
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The role of the hypothalamic and skin temperatures in controlling the thermal response of a resting animal was studied by measurements of 1) hypothalamic, rectal, ear skin, and trunk skin temperatures on the resting dog and rhesus monkey in hot, neutral, and cold environments; and 2) the thermal and metabolic responses of a dog in neutral and cold environments during and immediately after holding the hypothalamus at approximately 39.0 C by means of six thermodes surrounding the hypothalamus and perfused with water. The results indicate that 1) a resting animal shivers in a cold environment with the same or higher hypothalamic temperature as the same animal in a neutral environment; 2) a resting animal pants in a hot environment with the same or lower hypothalamic temperature as the same animal in a neutral environment; 3) the hypothalamus is nonetheless strongly responsive to an increase or decrease of 1 C; 4) the rate of heat loss increases at the onset of sleep while the hypothalamic temperature is falling; 5) the hypothalamic temperature is 1–2 C lower during sleep even though thermoregulatory responses are the same as when awake; 6) the rate of heat loss decreases upon awakening while the hypothalamic temperature is rising. The discussion of these results includes a suggestion that the set point for temperature regulation is 1) decreased by a rising or elevated skin and extrahypothalamic core temperature, 2) increased by a falling or lowered skin and extrahypothalamic core temperature, 3) decreased upon entering and during sleep and is increased upon awakening. hypothalamic temperature; temperature set point; hypothalamic stimulation; dog temperature regulation; monkey temperature regulation Submitted on October 15, 1962

scholarly journals Role of AVP in mediating the altered core temperature response to a simulated open field in pregnant rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Tang ◽  
James E. Fewell ◽  
Heather L. Eliason
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Temperature Index ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Near the term of pregnancy, rats have an attenuated core temperature response on exposure to a novel environment (e.g., a simulated open field) compared with that observed early in pregnancy or in nonpregnant rats. The present experiments were carried out on 26 nonpregnant and 26 pregnant rats to test the hypothesis that arginine vasopressin, functioning as an endogenous antipyretic substance in the central nervous system, mediates this attenuated core temperature response. Exposure to a simulated open field after intracerebroventricular (ICV) vehicle produced a significant increase in core temperature in both nonpregnant and pregnant animals, the magnitude and duration of which were greater in the nonpregnant rats. In nonpregnant rats, exposure to a simulated open field after ICV vasopressin V1-receptor antagonist altered the pattern of the core temperature response but not the core temperature index compared with that observed on exposure to a simulated open field after ICV vehicle. In pregnant animals, ICV vasopressin V1-receptor antagonist did not alter the core temperature response to a simulated open field compared with that observed after ICV vehicle. Thus our data do not support the hypothesis that a pregnancy-related activation of arginine vasopressin attenuates the core temperature response to a simulated open field in rats near the term of pregnancy.

Basal tail skin temperature elevation and augmented response to calcitonin gene-related peptide in ovariectomized rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Kobayashi ◽  
O Ushijima ◽  
J-T Chen ◽  
M Shiraki ◽  
T Ohta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Drastic Increase

Abstract Hyper-release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a direct and pivotal role in the induction of menopausal hot flushes (HFs), in which a drastic increase in skin temperature occurs. However, it is not possible to investigate whether CGRP induces skin temperature increase and whether skin temperature response to CGRP changes and contributes to the occurrence of HFs in postmenopausal women who are in oestrogen deficiency. By using rats' tail skin temperature (TST), a good marker to evaluate skin temperature regulation, we examined the effects of CGRP and calcitonin (3, 10 and 30 μg/kg, i.v.) on TST in female rats and further investigated the TST change induced by CGRP (10 μg/kg, i.v.) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats compared with that in sham-operated (Sham) rats. We found that CGRP, but not calcitonin, induced a TST increase in a dose-dependent manner and that the TST change induced by CGRP (0·6 ±0·2 °C for OVX rats vs 0·3 ±0·1 °C for Sham rats, P<0·05) and also the basal TST (26·0 ± 0·2 °C for OVX rats vs 25·5 ±0·1 °C for Sham rats) were significantly greater in OVX rats (P<0·05). Furthermore, treatment with oestradiol (30 μg/kg, s.c.) for 8 days partially inhibited the augmented TST response to CGRP in OVX rats and almost completely inhibited (P<0·05) the basal TST elevation, with the concomitant recovery of the serum oestradiol level to that in Sham rats. These results suggest that the augmented skin temperature response to CGRP and the elevation of basal skin temperature that are found in OVX rats, animals which are oestradiol deficient, may also occur in menopausal women and contribute to their HFs. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 431–437

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