GABA: history and perspectives

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1049-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Florey
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Factor I ◽  
California Institute Of Technology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transmitter Substance ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
Institute Of Technology

In 1957, factor I, a brain agent I had discovered earlier, was chemically identified as GABA in a collaboration between myself and Alva Bazemore at the Montréal Neurological Institute (MNI) in the Neurochemistry Laboratory then headed by K. A. C. Elliott. A personally biased excursion into the history of neurobiology illuminates the development of methods and concepts that led to this event, and recounts the early days at the MNI, when Hugh McLennan and I applied factor I to the exposed surface of the spinal cord and to sympathetic ganglia of cats and rabbits. It also tells of earlier studies at Graz, Naples, and elsewhere that prompted the experiments at the California Institute of Technology in which factor I was discovered as the agent in nerve extracts causing inhibition of isolated crayfish stretch receptor neurons, and in which it was found that this inhibition could be prevented by picrotoxin. There was justified doubt that GABA is indeed the transmitter substance of inhibitory neurones. Later studies, however, resolved the controversy. The functional role of GABA in brain and spinal cord and its mechanism of action are still far from being fully understood. Special problems are the extent and significance of spontaneous quantal and nonquantal release, the functional role and the mechanism of excitatory actions of GABA, its release from glial cells, and the energetics of its metabolic turnover.Key words: factor I, GABA, glia, convulsants, inhibition.

Expression and functional role of metallothioneins I and II in the spinal cord in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models

2013 ◽  
Vol 1523 ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aram Kwon ◽  
Sang-Min Jeon ◽  
Sung-Hun Hwang ◽  
Jong-Heon Kim ◽  
Hee-Jung Cho
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Pain Models

scholarly journals Nature Images in Russian Odic Poetry of the 18th – Early 19th Centuries: Functional Role and Influence on the Further Literary Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-61
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Svyatoslavsky
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Lyric Poetry ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Organic Part ◽  
Civic Consciousness ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to the functional role of nature images in the formation of the imaginary structure of Russian odic poetry of the 18th – early 19th centuries. Examples are taken from the odic poetry of Mikhail Lomonosov, Vasily Trediakovsky, Alexander Sumarokov, Mikhail Kheraskov, Gavrila Derzhavin, Dmitry Khvostov. An attempt was undertaken to answer two questions: the place nature images occupied in odic poetry in the era of its pride and, secondly, the possibility to find in the poetry of classicism, despite the condescending attitude towards it that developed later in the history of Russian literature, something that constituted an organic part of the Russian classics of the 19th and 20th centuries. The functional role of nature images in the odic genre is shown, which, as it seemed, by definition is alien to natural themes, being organically connected with the pathos of civic consciousness and the appeal to the themes of heroism, great personalities, and historical events. However, as it turns out in a number of cases, the very objects of nature evoke the poet's admiration as an impressive work of the Creator, in others, nature is a background that in a certain way enhances the impression of the very historical events that constitute the subject of odic poetry. The conclusion is made about a certain continuity in the depiction of nature – from odic poetry to Russian lyric poetry and prose of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Role of Substance P as a Sensory Transmitter in Spinal Cord and Sympathetic Ganglia

2008 ◽  
pp. 13-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori Otsuka ◽  
Shiro Konishi ◽  
Mitsuhiko Yanagisawa ◽  
Akinobu Tsunoo ◽  
Hiroyuki Akagi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia

17. Effect of percutaneous cervical cordotomy on somatosensory thresholds in man: a quantitative study

1985 ◽  
Vol 308 (1136) ◽  
pp. 423-423 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Mechanical Information

The functional role of afferent axons ascending in the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord in the transmission of pain and temperature is well established in man. Also, experimental data and clinical observations indicate that some mechanical information is relayed through fibres located in the anterolateral white matter.

scholarly journals The Functional Role of Structures in Bourbaki

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-214
Author(s):  
Gerhard Heinzmann ◽  
Jean Petitot
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Vertical Dimension ◽  
Functional Interpretation ◽  
Horizontal Connections ◽  
Mathematical Structuralism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Doctrine

In the history of 20th-century mathematical structuralism, the figure of Bourbaki is prominent and sometimes even identified with the philosophical doctrine of structuralism. However, the Bourbaki group consisted of pure mathematicians, among them the greatest of their generation, most of whom seemed little inclined to, and even hesitant about, philosophy. This essay proposes to explore this tension in line with the recent philosophical interest in scientific practice. The working assumption is that the use of the concept of structure in Bourbaki is not mainly conceptual and foundational, but pragmatic and functional. This functional interpretation is governed by the principle of the unity of mathematics. In addition to their deductive “vertical” dimension, taking into account structures can reveal various “horizontal” connections between different theories.

scholarly journals Soil-structure interaction during the San Fernando earthquake

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-36
Author(s):  
Charles B. Crouse ◽  
Paul C. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Soil Structure Interaction ◽  
Structure Interaction ◽  
California Institute Of Technology ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
San Fernando ◽  
Institute Of Technology

abstract Accelerograms obtained at two sites during the San Fernando earthquake of 1971 were analyzed to investigate the role of soil-structure interaction, using techniques developed by Bielak and others. Analysis of the data from the site of the Hollywood Storage Building, for which data from the Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake of 1952 are also available, showed evidence of soil-structure interaction in the way the transfer functions between parking lot and basement motion decayed with increasing frequency in the two lateral directions. It is concluded also that interaction probably had a small effect on the response near the EW fundamental frequency during the San Fernando earthquake. Although theoretical and experimentally determined transfer functions are broadly similar, they do not agree in detail. The lack of good agreement for reasonable choices of the parameters of the theoretical model indicates a need for some modifications of the theory or its application, and a need for more measurements at the site. A similar analysis showed no clear evidence of soil-structure interaction for the Millikan Library and Athanaeum buildings on the campus of the California Institute of Technology. If soil-structure interaction caused the major differences measured in the base motions of these two buildings, it is of a more complex form than that considered by present theories.

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