Exercise and postexercise energy expenditure in growing pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Pat Petley ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Energy Dissipated ◽  
And Control

Young pigs (ca. 10 kg) were trained to run on a motor-driven treadmill for 1 h each day. After a 2-week training period the gas exchange of exercised and control animals was measured using an open circuit, indirect calorimeter. The exercised pigs ran for 2 h in the calorimeter, and then rested for 2 h. They received a day's allocation of feed and remained in the calorimeter for a total of 23 h. The total heat production of the exercised pigs was 523 kJ/kg, compared with 433 kJ/kg of the controls. Monitoring the heat production throughout the 23-h period showed that only 43% of the extra heat dissipated by the exercised pigs was lost during the 2 h of exercise, with a higher rate of heat production for the remaining 21 h accounting for the 57% of the extra energy dissipated as heat. The results suggest that exercise increases energy expenditure well beyond the time devoted to the activity itself.

Application of the Fick principle to the continuous measurement of energy expenditure in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1423
Author(s):  
LR Giles ◽  
JM Gooden
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Fick Principle

The paper reviews the current methods available for the measurement of heat exchange in pigs. The cost of construction of automated open-circuit respiration chambers, in association with climate-controlled facilites, has restricted continuous measurement of energy expenditure in pigs to a small number of laboratories around the world. Ventilated hoods and face mask techniques are not viable alternatives because of difficulties in maintaining a uniform environment around the animal and restriction of food intake. Indirect techniques, including carbon dioxide (CO2) entry rate and doubly-labelled water are only applicable when other technique are not available because of the errors involved when energy expenditure is based on CO2 production alone. An alternative procedure is described for the measurement of energy expenditure in the growing pig. Whole-body oxygen (O2) consumption is calculated from the product of cardiac output and the arteriovenous difference in blood O2 concentration across the lungs (Fick principle). Oxygen consumption recorded with the new procedure was compared with the ventilated hood and CO2 entry-rate techniques, and used to examine the heat exchange of growing pigs maintained at high ambient temperatures

scholarly journals Dynamic aspects of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in swine

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Van Milgen ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
S. Dubois ◽  
J.-F. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Animal Metabolism

A model is proposed that allows study of the short-term dynamics of gas exchanges (and heat production) in large open-circuit respiration chambers. The model describes changes in [O2] and [CO2] in the respiration chamber by a series of differential equations based on animal metabolism and physical characteristics of gas exchange. The model structure was similar for O2 and CO2, although model parameters differed. A constant level of O2 consumption (and CO2 production) was assumed for resting animals which was different for fed and fasted animals. The adaptation from a fed to a fasting state was described as a first-order process. Physical activity (standing or sitting) was recorded and was included in the model as a constant. Thermic effect of feed comprised the O2 consumption and CO2 production related to several relatively rapidly occurring processes after ingestion of a meal (e.g. ingestion, digestion or absorption). In the model, these processes were pooled into a single phenomenon. Model parameters were obtained statistically by comparing model predictions (based on the numerically integrated differential equations) with the observed [O2] and [CO2]. The model was evaluated by studying gas exchanges in growing pigs that were fasted for 31 h and re-fed a single meal thereafter. The model fitted the data well over the 47 h measurement range. Traditional methods in which heat production is calculated suffer from noisy data when the interval between observations becomes too short. The proposed method circumvents this by modelling the observed concentration of gases in the respiration chamber rather than the calculated heat production.

scholarly journals Hypoxic Exposure Increases Energy Expenditure by Increasing Carbohydrate Oxidation in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yeram Park ◽  
Deunsol Hwang ◽  
Hun-Young Park ◽  
Jisu Kim ◽  
Kiwon Lim
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hypoxic Condition ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor

Aims. Hypoxic exposure improves glucose metabolism. We investigated to validate the hypothesis that carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation could increase in mice exposed to severe hypoxic conditions. Methods. Seven-week-old male ICR mice (n=16) were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (CON) was kept in normoxic condition (fraction of inspired O2=21%) and the hypoxia group (HYP) was exposed to hypoxic condition (fraction of inspired O2=12%, ≈altitude of 4,300 m). The CON group was pair-fed with the HYP group. After 3 weeks of hypoxic exposure, we measured respiratory metabolism (energy expenditure and substrate utilization) at normoxic conditions for 24 hours using an open-circuit calorimetry system. In addition, we investigated changes in carbohydrate mechanism-related protein expression, including hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), and regulator of the genes involved in energy metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, PGC1α) in soleus muscle. Results. Energy expenditure (EE) and CHO oxidation over 24 hours were higher in the HYP group by approximately 15% and 34% (p<0.001), respectively. Fat oxidation was approximately 29% lower in the HYP group than the CON group (p<0.01). Body weight gains were significantly lower in the HYP group than in the CON group (CON vs. HYP; 1.9±0.9 vs. −0.3±0.9; p<0.001). Hypoxic exposure for 3 weeks significantly reduced body fat by approximately 42% (p<0.001). PDH and PGC1α protein levels were significantly higher in the HYP group (p<0.05). Additionally, HK2 was approximately 21% higher in the HYP group. Conclusions. Hypoxic exposure might significantly enhance CHO oxidation by increasing the expression of PDH and HK2. This investigation can be useful for patients with impaired glucose metabolism, such as those with type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Heat Stress Reduces Metabolic Rate While Increasing Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Dane W. Fausnacht ◽  
Kellie A. Kroscher ◽  
Ryan P. McMillan ◽  
Luciane S. Martello ◽  
Lance H. Baumgard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Substrate Regulation ◽  
Enclosed Chamber ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

Heat stress (HS) diminishes animal production, reducing muscle growth and increasing adiposity, especially in swine. Excess heat creates a metabolic phenotype with limited lipid oxidation that relies on aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis as a predominant means of energy production, potentially reducing metabolic rate. To evaluate the effects of HS on substrate utilization and energy expenditure, crossbred barrows (15.2 ± 2.4 kg) were acclimatized for 5 days (22 °C), then treated with 5 days of TN (thermal neutral, 22 °C, n = 8) or HS (35 °C, n = 8). Pigs were fed ad libitum and monitored for respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER, CO2:O2) were evaluated fasted in an enclosed chamber through indirect calorimetry. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the longissimus dorsi pre/post. HS increased temperature (39.2 ± 0.1 vs. 39.6 ± 0.1 °C, p < 0.01) and RER (0.91 ± 0.02 vs. 1.02 ± 0.02 VCO2:VO2, p < 0.01), but decreased DEE/BW (68.8 ± 1.7 vs. 49.7 ± 4.8 kcal/day/kg, p < 0.01) relative to TN. Weight gain (p = 0.80) and feed intake (p = 0.84) did not differ between HS and TN groups. HS decreased muscle metabolic flexibility (~33%, p = 0.01), but increased leucine oxidation (~35%, p = 0.02) compared to baseline values. These data demonstrate that HS disrupts substrate regulation and energy expenditure in growing pigs.

Heat production of rat anococcygeus muscle during isometric contraction

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (4) ◽  
pp. C536-C542 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Walker ◽  
I. R. Wendt ◽  
C. L. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Isometric Contractions ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Anococcygeus Muscle ◽  
Cross Bridge ◽  
Time Integral ◽  
Rat Anococcygeus Muscle ◽  
Cross Bridges

Heat production, unloaded shortening velocity (Vus), and load-bearing capacity (LBC) were studied in the isolated rat anococcygeus muscle during isometric contractions at 27 degrees C. The relation between the total suprabasal heat produced and the stress-time integral for isometric contractions of various durations was curvilinear, demonstrating a decreasing slope as contractile duration increased. The rate of heat production at 600 s was approximately 68% of the peak value of 6.55 mW/g that occurred at 10 s. At the same time, force rose from a mean of 92 mN/mm2 at 10 s to a value of 140 mN/mm2 at 600 s. This produced a nearly threefold increase in the economy of force maintenance. The decline in the rate of heat production was accompanied by a decline in Vus from 0.56 Lo/s at 10 s to 0.28 Lo/s at 600 s, where Lo is the length for optimal force development. This suggests the fall in the rate of heat production was caused, at least in part, by a slowing of cross-bridge kinetics. The ratio of LBC to developed tension at 10 s was not significantly different from the ratio at 600 s, suggesting that the increase in tension was due to an increased number of attached cross bridges. The decline in heat production, therefore, appears contradictory, since an increased number of attached cross bridges would predict an increased rate of energy expenditure. The observations can be reconciled if either 1) the increase in force is caused by a progressive increase in the attachment time of a constant number of cross bridges that cycle at a lower frequency or 2) the decline in energy expenditure caused by the slowing of cross-bridge cycling is sufficient to mask the increase caused by the recruitment of additional cross bridges.

Energy expenditure and gas exchange measurements in postoperative patients

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1273-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIGI SEVERING BRANDI ◽  
MARIA GRANA ◽  
TOMMASO MAZZANTI ◽  
FRANCESCO GIUNTA ◽  
ANDREA NATALI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Energy Expenditure

Effect of short-term exposure to high ambient temperatures on gas exchange and heat production in boars of different breeds

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-H. Tauson ◽  
A. Chwalibog ◽  
J. Ludvigsen ◽  
K. Jakobsen ◽  
G. Thorbek
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Basal Period ◽  
Short Term Exposure

AbstractThe effects of short-term exposure to high ambient temperatures on gas exchange, heat production (HE), respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature were evaluated individually with boars of approximately 100 kg live weight. The boars were of different breeds with four of Yorkshire (YS), eight of Danish Landrace (DL), out of which three were found stress susceptible by the halothane test (DLH+), eight of Duroc (DR) and eight of Hampshire (HS) breeds. After 1 h rest in the respiration chamber at 17·0°C the gas exchange measurements started with al-h basal period at 17 °C, followed by 2h of heating during which temperature increased to 35·0 °C (period I) and then further to 39·7X1 (period II). Then cooling of the chamber started, and after 1 h (period III) temperature had decreased to 21·8°C, and after the 2nd h of cooling (period IV) temperature was 18·2 °C. The gas exchange was measured for each hour from 09.00 h (basal period) until 14.00 h (period IV). RR was recorded every 15 min. Rectal temperatures were measured when the animals were removed from the chamber. The gas exchange and HE increased slowly during period I but rapidly in period II, followed by decreasing values in the cooling periods. HS and DLH+ had considerably higher gas exchange and HE than other breeds in these two periods and the values remained high during period III. In period IV all breeds had gas exchange rates and HE below those of the basal period. RR increased slightly in period I and then a sharp increase followed during period II. Maximum RR was recorded in period III with an average of 183 breaths per min for all breeds. RR increased earlier and more steeply in HS and reached the highest mean value of 236 breaths per min. Four HS boars salivated heavily during heat stress and rectal temperatures of these animals were 39·7 °C when removed from the chamber compared with close to 39·0 °C for all other breeds. It was concluded that there were considerable breed differences in response to heat stress and that DLH+ and HS were more severely stressed than boars ofYS, DL and DR.

scholarly journals Effects of photoperiod on daily locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and feeding behavior in a seasonal mammal

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (5) ◽  
pp. R1409-R1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Warner ◽  
Preeti H. Jethwa ◽  
Catherine A. Wyse ◽  
Helen I'Anson ◽  
John M. Brameld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Activity Energy

The objective of this study was to determine whether the previously observed effects of photoperiod on body weight in Siberian hamsters were due to changes in the daily patterns of locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and/or feeding behavior. Adult males were monitored through a seasonal cycle using an automated comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system (CLAMS). Exposure to a short-day photoperiod (SD; 8:16-h light-dark cycle) induced a significant decline in body weight, and oxygen consumption (V̇o2), carbon dioxide production (V̇co2), and heat production all decreased reaching a nadir by 16 wk of SD. Clear daily rhythms in locomotor activity, V̇o2, and V̇co2 were observed at the start of the study, but these all progressively diminished after prolonged exposure to SD. Rhythms in feeding behavior were also detected initially, reflecting an increase in meal frequency but not duration during the dark phase. This rhythm was lost by 8 wk of SD exposure such that food intake was relatively constant across dark and light phases. After 18 wk in SD, hamsters were transferred to a long-day photoperiod (LD; 16:8-h light-dark cycle), which induced significant weight gain. This was associated with an increase in energy intake within 2 wk, while V̇o2, V̇co2, and heat production all increased back to basal levels. Rhythmicity was reestablished within 4 wk of reexposure to long days. These results demonstrate that photoperiod impacts on body weight via complex changes in locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and feeding behavior, with a striking loss of daily rhythms during SD exposure.

Inspiratory Speech as a Management Option for Spastic Dysphonia

1992 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon A. Harrison ◽  
Richard H. Troughear ◽  
Pamela J. Davis ◽  
Alison L. Winkworth
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control ◽  
Laryngeal Resistance

A case study is reported of a subject who has used inspiratory speech (IS) for 6 years as a means of overcoming the communication problems of long-standing adductor spastic dysphonia (ASD). The subject was studied to confirm his use of IS, determine the mechanisms of its production, investigate its effects on ventilatory gas exchange, and confirm that it was perceptually preferable to ASD expiratory speech (ES). Results showed that the production and control of a high laryngeal resistance to airflow were necessary for usable IS. Voice quality was quantitatively and perceptually poor; however, the improved fluency and absence of phonatory spasm made IS the preferred speaking mode for both the listener and the speaker. Transcutaneous measurements of the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the subject's blood were made during extended speaking periods. These measurements indicated that ventilation was unchanged during IS, and that ventilation during ES was similar to the “hyperventilation” state of normal speakers. The reasons for the absence of phonatory spasm during IS are discussed, and the possibility of its use as a noninvasive management option for other ASD sufferers is addressed.

Measurement of ‘Basal’ and Total Metabolism in Hereditarily Obese-Hyperglycemic Mice

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth McClintock ◽  
Nathan Lifson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Isotope Method

Measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were made by the Haldane open circuit method on hereditarily obese mice and littermate controls, and the energy expenditures were estimated. Studies were made on mice for short periods under ‘basal’ conditions, and for periods of approximately a day with the mice fasted and confined, fasted and relatively unconfined, and fed and unconfined. The total energy expenditures of fed and unconfined obese mice were found to be higher than those of nonobese littermate controls by virtue of a) increased ‘basal metabolism’, b) greater energy expenditure associated with feeding, and possibly c) larger energy output for activity despite reduced voluntary movement. The values obtained for total metabolism confirm those previously determined by an isotope method for measuring CO2 output.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document