Topographic studies of the effects of microinjections of muscimol on the hypothalamic control of feed intake in sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Girard ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
J. J. Matte
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Medial Hypothalamus ◽  
Hypothalamic Control ◽  
Feeding Systems

Ten sheep were used to define the anatomical basis for the feeding systems sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid, by using intrahypothalamic microinjections of the gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist, muscimol. In satiated sheep, 1 μL of muscimol (0.5 nmol/μL) elicited feeding when injected into paraventricular, ventromedial, and anterior hypothalamic areas. Similar injections into 39 sites tested in 6-h fasted sheep failed to decrease feed intake. The data suggest that neurons sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid in medial hypothalamus may be involved in the initiation of feeding.

Studies of the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the hypothalamic control of feed intake in sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1297-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Girard ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
J. J. Matte
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gaba Antagonists ◽  
Gaba Agonist ◽  
Hypothalamic Control

Fourteen sheep were used to study the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the hypothalamic control of feed intake. Injections (1 μL) of pentobarbital (262 nmol) into preoptic and paraventricular areas induced feeding in satiated sheep. Injections of GABA into the same loci gave variable results, probably because the neuronal and glial uptake of GABA limits its effects. Muscimol, a GABA agonist with a higher affinity for postsynaptic GABA receptors than GABA, injected at doses from 0 to 0.750 nmol, gave a cubic dose–response curve; the highest feed intake was measured at 0.5 nmol. The response induced by muscimol was blocked by preinjections of two GABA antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline, with picrotoxin being more effective than bicuculline. Muscimol responsive loci were identified mainly in the preoptic, paraventricular, and anterior hypothalamus. The data suggests that neurons sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid may be implicated in the control of feed intake in sheep.

Effects of intraventricular injections of gamma-aminobutyric acid and related substances on feeding behavior in satiated sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1296-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
F. Dumont ◽  
C. L. Girard ◽  
L. Bédard ◽  
J. J. Matte
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gaba Agonist ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Related Substances ◽  
Intraventricular Injections ◽  
Gaba Antagonist

Feed intake was measured following injections of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), muscimol (a GABA agonist), and picrotoxin (a GABA antagonist) into the lateral ventricles of satiated sheep. Doses ranging from 0.20 to 3200 nmol of GABA did not affect feeding behavior at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min postinjection. A dose of 160 nmol of muscimol induced a marked increase in feeding, comparable to that provoked by an injection of 78 μmol of pentobarbital. Muscimol-induced feeding was blocked effectively by a preinjection of picrotoxin. These observations implicate that neurons sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid may be involved in the control of feeding behavior in ruminants.

Role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in regulating feed intake in commercial broilers reared under normal and heat stress conditions.

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 164-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karima El-Naggar ◽  
Seham El-Kassas ◽  
Safaa E. Abdo ◽  
Abeer A.K. Kirrella ◽  
Rasha A. Al wakeel
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid

Purification of Antihemophilic Factor (Factor VIII) by Amino Acid Precipitation*

1964 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 064-074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H Wagner ◽  
William D McLester ◽  
Marion Smith ◽  
K. M Brinkhous
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Specific Procedure ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
Antihemophilic Factor

Summary1. The use of several amino acids, glycine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, alanine, beta-alanine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid, as plasma protein precipitants is described.2. A specific procedure is detailed for the preparation of canine antihemophilic factor (AHF, Factor VIII) in which glycine, beta-alanine, and gammaaminobutyric acid serve as the protein precipitants.3. Preliminary results are reported for the precipitation of bovine and human AHF with amino acids.

A Simple Method for Preparing Fibrinogen

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 198-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Straughn ◽  
R. H Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Human Fibrinogen ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Marked Stability

SummaryA simple new procedure is reported for the isolation of canine, bovine, porcine, and human fibrinogen. Two molar β-alanine is used to precipitate fibrinogen from barium sulfate adsorbed plasma. The procedure is characterized by dependability and high yields. The material is 95% to 98% clottable protein but still contains impurities such as plasminogen and fibrin-stabilizing factor. Plasminogen may be removed by adsorption with charcoal. The fibrinogen preparations exhibit marked stability to freezing, lyophilization, and dialysis. Epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid which were also studied have the property of precipitating proteins from plasma but lack the specificity for fibrinogen found with β-alanine.

Understanding Schizophrenia: Genetic Causes and Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Fatima Javeria ◽  
Shazma Altaf ◽  
Alishah Zair ◽  
Rana Khalid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Copy Number Variants ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Severe Mental Disease

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disease. The word schizophrenia literally means split mind. There are three major categories of symptoms which include positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. The disease is characterized by symptoms of hallucination, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech. Schizophrenia is related to many other mental and psychological problems like suicide, depression, hallucinations. Including these, it is also a problem for the patient’s family and the caregiver. There is no clear reason for the disease, but with the advances in molecular genetics; certain epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. Epigenetic mechanisms that are mainly involved are the DNA methylation, copy number variants. With the advent of GWAS, a wide range of SNPs is found linked with the etiology of schizophrenia. These SNPs serve as ‘hubs’; because these all are integrating with each other in causing of schizophrenia risk. Until recently, there is no treatment available to cure the disease; but anti-psychotics can reduce the disease risk by minimizing its symptoms. Dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, are the neurotransmitters which serve as drug targets in the treatment of schizophrenia. Due to the involvement of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, drugs available are already targeting certain genes involved in the etiology of the disease.

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