Physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of isolates of pulmonary surfactant from adult rabbits

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1043-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. W. Keough ◽  
E. Farrell ◽  
M. Cox ◽  
G. Harrell ◽  
H. W. Taeusch Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Type A ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Type B ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Material Type ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material

Physical and chemical characteristics of two types of preparations of surface active material from adult rabbits were determined. A procedure using multiple centrifugations produced a surface active material (type A) which had 6.6% by weight protein and a phosphorus/protein ratio of 13.1 nmol P/μg protein. A simpler protocol involving two centrifugations yielded a surface active material (type B) with more protein (10.8%) and a lower phosphorus/protein ratio (8.4 nmol/μg). Lipid compositions of both types were similar with phosphatidylcholine being the major phospholipid (80%) and palmitate the major fatty acid in the total lipid (65–71%) and in phosphatidylcholine (80%). Both types exhibited broad thermotropic phase transitions encompassing 37 °C. Measurements of aqueous dispersions of surface active material on the surface of a Langmuir–Wilhelmy balance or in a pulsating bubble apparatus indicated that there was variability both between types and between batches of the same type in the capacity to reach low surface tension on the surface balance and in the rates at which low surface tension was achieved on the bubble apparatus. Type A preparations were somewhat more reliable in meeting these ends than were type B. Both types of isolates were effective in normalizing pressure–volume characteristics when instilled into the lungs of immature rabbit fetuses.

Surfactant inactivation by hyperventilation: conservation by end-expiratory pressure

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Wyszogrodski ◽  
K. Kyei-Aboagye ◽  
H. W. Taeusch ◽  
M. E. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Positive End Expiratory Pressure ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Minimum Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Film Balance ◽  
Surface Active Material

Hyperventilation, defined as repeated hyperinflations, for three hours in open-chested anesthetized cats increased elastic recoil and elevated minimum surface tension of lung extracts as measured on a surface film balance. Equivalent hyperventilation from an elevated lung volume did not alter the pressure-volume relationships. When a mixture of [3H]glycerol and [14C]palmitate had been injected 17 h before the three hour period of phyerventilation, an increase in the ratio of specific activity in wash to tissue lecithin occurred in the hyperventilated cats compared to controls. These findings suggest that hyperventilation promotes release of surface active material from tissue to alveolus, but the released material is inactivated. The application of 2.5 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure prevented the adverse effects of hyperventilation. The same increase in wash to tissue lecithin occurred during this study; since the material was appropriately surface active, we conclude that the positive end-expiratory pressure prevented its inactivation.

Films from lung washings as a mechanism model for lung injury by ozone

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Mendenhall ◽  
Herbert E. Stokinger
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Ozone Destruction ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material ◽  
Lethal Doses

Saline washings of the mouse lung were layered on various hypophases. With serum dialysate present in the hypophase, film pressure in the presence of ozone increased over that in its absence. Addition of Tapazole (2-methyl-1-mercaptoimidazole) or AET (aminoethylisothiouronium bromide-HBr) protected the films from the action of ozone if serum dialysate was present in the hypophase, but film pressures were rapidly reduced in its absence. Both Tapazole and AET protect mice from otherwise lethal doses of ozone. The results indicate the presence of a surface-active film in the alveolus which, together with the hypophase upon which it resides, forms a primary barrier against production of pulmonary edema by ozone. However, this barrier, because of increase in its surface pressure, may be a primary cause of emphysema produced in animals by long-term exposure to ozone. Destruction of the surface-active material of the barrier should produce atelectasis and/or pulmonary edema as a result of increased surface tension. Submitted on May 22, 1961

Surface-Active Material in Peritoneal Effluent of CAPD Patients

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon R. Grahame ◽  
Mark G. Torchia ◽  
Katherine A. Dankewich ◽  
Ian A. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Surface Active Material ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The dialysis effluent of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis contains a surface-active material (SAM). This is composed of phospholipids; on thin-layer chromatography, this appears to be mainly phosphatidylcholine. Similar to the material described by Hills on the pleural surfaces of dogs (4), this SAM markedly reduces surface tension and promotes water repellency. The authors postulate that it may playa role in ultrafiltration and in the prevention of infection in CAPD patients. In the 10 years since its introduction, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has come into increased use to treat patients with chronic renal failure. Two problems stand in the way of the success of CAPD: infection of the peritoneum, and loss of ‘ultrafiltration’ -partitioning of water between the peritoneal cavity and the extracellular space (1, 2). The peritoneal membrane has not been studied extensively and we have a limited understanding of the exchange or non-exchange of water and other materials at this surface (3). Hills and co-workers (4) who demonstrated surface-active material (SAM) in washings of the pleural space of dogs have shown that biological SAM's, in addition to lowering surface tension, can lubricate a membrane as a boundary or adherent-type lubricant (4) and can confer water repellency to the surface (5,6). The present preliminary study was undertaken to determine whether the effluent dialysate of patients undergoing CAPD contained a similar surfaceactive material -a finding that would imply its presence on the peritoneal membrane. Secondly, if the dialysate contained SAM, whether that presence might be correlated with successful or complicated CAPD.

Pulmonary surface film stability and composition

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Hildebran ◽  
J. Goerke ◽  
J. A. Clements
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Indirect Measurements ◽  
Film Stability ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material

Stability of pulmonary alveoli at end expiration requires a very low air-water surface tension (e.g., less than 10 mN.m-1). Another important requirement is that the surface film maintain this low surface tension for a sufficiently long time at fixed lung volume. We measured monolayer collapse rates at 37 degrees C of lung surface-active material (SAM) and certain lipids found in this material and compared them with alveolar monolayer collapse rates calculated from published lung compliance changes. We found collapse rates for purified SAM or a mixture of dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPPC):monoenoic lecithin (PC):cholesterol (CHOL) (3.03:1.65:1 molar ratios) to be much greater than collapse rates of alveolar films estimated from indirect measurements. Monolayers of pure DPPC or DPPC with 10 mol% monoenoic PC and/or CHOL had collapse rates equal to or less than those estimated from lungs. We conclude that the alveolar monolayer is enriched in DPPC to the extent of 90 mol% or greater. Enrichment may exclude more mobile components from the monolayer during expiration when surface tension reaches verry low values.

Letter to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-519
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Hyaline Membrane Disease ◽  
Clinical Entity ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Hyaline Membrane ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material

Dr. Stevenson's observations concerning the association of amniotic fluid aspiration and hyaline membrane disease is quite interesting. Very little work, that we are aware of, has been done since these articles were published (1955 to 1958) to follow tip this theory. However, much work has been done to clarify the etiology of hyaline membrane disease. It is now well accepted that this clinical entity is directly related to the degree of immaturity of the lungs and the presence or absence of surface active material.

336. Surface activity and proteins of milk

1946 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aschaffenburg
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Residual Fraction ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material ◽  
Dilution Curves

As moderate dilution causes little change in the surface tension of milk, it is shown to be advantageous to use σ-dilution curves in place of the σ-values of the undiluted fluid as a characteristic of the surface properties of milk. The complications arising from the presence of the milk fat are described, and it is suggested that the influence of the fat is of a physical rather than of a chemical nature. A study of the role of the various milk proteins shows the casein to be of great importance, whilst the heat-coagulable proteins have little influence. The serum obtained after removal of the casein and heat-coagulable proteins contains a residual fraction of protein-like material which is markedly surface active though constituting only about 3% of the total milk proteins. The surface-active material (σ-proteose) has been concentrated and isolated, and its properties are described in some detail.

Isolation and assay of dipalmityl lecithin in lung extracts

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material ◽  
Surface Balance

Lung extracts were obtained by either mincing the lungs in saline or by washing the lung with saline through the trachea. The surface tensions of the extracts on compression to 10% of the original area in a surface balance decreased to 7.5 ± 2.1 dynes/cm for rabbits, 10.0 ± 1.8 dynes/cm for dogs, and 6.8 ± 3.8 dynes/cm for man. The surface-active material in the extracts was completely precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. Ethyl or methyl alcohol extracted the activity from the precipitate. By concentrating and chilling the alcohol extract, a very surface-active white precipitate was obtained which was identified as dipalmityl phosphatidyl choline by melting point, chemical analysis, and paper chromatography. Cadmium chloride also precipitated a surface-active complex from the alcohol extract which was identified chemically as dipalmityl phosphatidyl choline. The quantity of hydrolecithin extracted from the lungs was 0.09–0.18% on a wet weight basis. No evidence of the presence of sphingomyelin or other surface-active phospholipid was obtained.

Beta-receptors and surface active material flux in fetal lamb lung: female advantage

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 828-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Warburton ◽  
L. Parton ◽  
S. Buckley ◽  
L. Cosico ◽  
T. Saluna
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Degree Polynomial ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Female Advantage ◽  
Beta Agonists ◽  
Beta Receptors ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material

We correlated the ontogeny of pulmonary beta-adrenergic receptors with the onset of surface active material (SAM) flux into tracheal fluid of male and female chronically catheterized fetal lambs. SAM flux began between 0.82 and 0.85 gestation in the females and between 0.85 and 0.89 gestation in the males and matured more rapidly thereafter in the females than in the males (P less than 0.01). beta-Adrenergic receptor binding, using [3H]dihydroalprenolol as the ligand, was saturable, linear, and stereospecific. The order of potency of competitive beta-agonists was isoproterenol greater than norepinephrine greater than epinephrine. The maximal binding capacity (Bmax) of pulmonary beta-receptors approximately doubled between 0.84 and 0.89 gestation, coinciding with the onset of SAM flux. Bmax matured as a third degree polynomial function of gestational age in females (r = 0.9, P less than 0.001) but as a linear function in males (r = 0.8, P less than 0.005). Between 0.86 and 0.93 gestation, Bmax was 1.45-fold greater in females than males (P less than 0.001). The dissociation constant of beta-receptors was not influenced significantly by gender or gestation. We conclude that maturation of pulmonary beta-receptors coincides with the onset of SAM flux in fetal lambs and that both mature more rapidly in females. We speculate that pulmonary beta-receptor maturation and SAM flux are coregulated by hormonal factors. More rapid maturation of pulmonary beta-receptors and SAM flux in females may be a factor in the female advantage with regard to pulmonary surfactant maturation and the survival of premature neonates.

Isolation and chemical composition of surface-active material from human lung lavage

Lipids ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sadana ◽  
K. Dhall ◽  
S. N. Sanyal ◽  
A. Wali ◽  
R. Minocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Lung Lavage ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material
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