Observations on the effect of salicylate in fever and the regulation of body temperature against cold

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. J. Pittman ◽  
W. L. Veale ◽  
K. E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Sodium Salicylate ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Continuous Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Prostaglandins appear to be mediators, within the hypothalamus, of heat production and conservation during fever. We have investigated a possible role of prostaglandins in the nonfebrile rabbit during thermoregulation in the cold. Shorn rabbits were placed in an environment of 20 °C, and rectal and ear skin temperatures, shivering and respiratory rates were measured. A continuous intravenous infusion of leucocyte pyrogen was given to establish a constant fever of approximately 1 °C, and after observation of a stable febrile temperature for 90 min, a single injection of 300 mg of sodium salicylate, followed by a 1.5 mg/min infusion was then given. After the salicylate infusion was begun, rectal temperature began to fall, and reached nonfebrile levels within 90 min. Shivering activity ceased, respiratory rates increased, and in two animals, ear skin temperature increased. When these same rabbits were placed in an environment of 10 °C, at a time they were not febrile, and an identical amount of salicylate was given, rectal and ear skin temperatures, shivering and respiratory rates did not change. These results indicate that prostaglandins do not appear to be involved in heat production and conservation in the nonfebrile rabbit.

Studies on the adaptability of three breeds of sheep to a tropical environment modified by altitude IV. Role of the fleece in thermoregulation in German Merino ewes

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
R. B. Symington
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuation ◽  
Body Temperature Regulation ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

The influence of fleece on thermoregulation in German Merino ewes was investigated in Rhodesia. Comparative heat tolerances of Persian Blackhead, indigenous Native and shorn and unshorn Merino ewes were obtained during the hottest month of the year in Northern Rhodesia. The main thermolytic responses in unshorn, partially shorn and completely shorn Merino ewes were measured at 7.0 a.m.; 10.0 a.m.; 1.0 p.m. and 4.0 p.m. during April in Southern Rhodesia.1. Unshorn Merino ewes showed more and shorn Merino ewes less effective body temperature regulation than Persian or Native ewes. High heat tolerance in unshorn Merinos was due primarily to insulation by the fleece and not to more efficient physiological thermolysis than in hair breeds. No ewe showed signs of undue thermal stress and feed intake was not affected by heat.2. Increases in rectal temperature and respiratory rate between 7.0 a.m. and 1.0 p.m. of Merinos in Southern Rhodesia were related inversely to fleece length. Body temperature did not differ significantly at 1.0 p.m. owing to differential rates of increase in respiratory rate.3. Magnitude of the diurnal fluctuation in skin temperature was also related inversely to fleece length. Partially shorn ewes, however, began with and maintained highest skin temperature through the heat of the day. In all groups skin temperature fell after 10.0 a.m. although ambient temperature continued to rise. This fall could not be attributed to sweating since moisture secretion declined simultaneously.

Acclimatization of calves to a hot humid environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 40° C. dry-bulb and 38° C. wet-bulb temperature for up to 110 min. each day for 1-2 weeks.2. These exposures produced progressive changes in the physiological reactions of the animals to heat:(a) Rectal temperature and skin temperature (for a given time of exposure) declined. In consequence there was a marked increase in the tolerance time, i.e. in the time for which the animals could withstand the hot environment before reaching a rectal temperature of 42° C.(b) Respiratory rate rose earlier and assumed higher levels (for given levels of body temperature).(c) Heart rate decreased markedly.3. These changes are discussed in relation to heat loss and heat production and have been interpreted as reflecting chiefly a reduction in the metabolic heat production of the animals.

Effect of ketamine on thermoregulation in rats

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 963-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Lin ◽  
C. F. Chen ◽  
I. H. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Intraperitoneal administration of ketamine produced dose-dependent hypothermia at the ambient temperatures (Ta) of both 8 and 23 °C in unanesthetized rats. At a Ta of 8 °C, the hypothermia was brought about solely by a decrease in metabolic heat production. There were no changes in either the tail skin temperature (Ttail) or the sole skin temperature (Tsole). At a Ta of 23 °C, the hypothermia was due to an increase in Ttail, an increase in Tsole, and a decrease in metabolic heat production. However, at a Ta of 31 °C, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to ketamine application, since neither heat production nor skin temperatures (e.g., Ttail and Tsole) was affected by ketamine at this Ta. The data indicate that the effect of the drug treatment may be to decrease heat production and (or) increase heat loss.

scholarly journals Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold-water immersions

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
Michael N. Sawka ◽  
Kent B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Repeat Trial ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Made In

This study examined whether serial cold-water immersions over a 10-h period would lead to fatigue of shivering and vasoconstriction. Eight men were immersed (2 h) in 20°C water three times (0700, 1100, and 1500) in 1 day (Repeat). This trial was compared with single immersions (Control) conducted at the same times of day. Before Repeat exposures at 1100 and 1500, rewarming was employed to standardize initial rectal temperature. The following observations were made in the Repeat relative to the Control trial: 1) rectal temperature was lower and heat debt was higher ( P < 0.05) at 1100; 2) metabolic heat production was lower ( P < 0.05) at 1100 and 1500; 3) subjects perceived the Repeat trial as warmer at 1100. These data suggest that repeated cold exposures may impair the ability to maintain normal body temperature because of a blunting of metabolic heat production, perhaps reflecting a fatigue mechanism. An alternative explanation is that shivering habituation develops rapidly during serially repeated cold exposures.

Respiratory responses to noxious and nonnoxious heating of skin in cats

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1738-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Waldrop ◽  
D. E. Millhorn ◽  
F. L. Eldridge ◽  
L. E. Klingler
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Warm Receptors ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Respiratory Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

Respiratory responses to increased skin temperatures were recorded in anesthetized cerebrate and in unanesthetized decerebrate cats. All were vagotomized, glomectomized, and paralyzed. Core body temperature and end-tidal Pco2 were kept constant with servoncontrollers. Stimulation of cutaneous nociceptors by heating the skin to 46 degrees C caused respiration to increase in both cerebrate and decerebrate cats. An even larger facilitation of respiration occurred when the skin temperature was elevated to 51 degrees C. However, respiration did not increase in either group of cats when the skin was heated to 41 degrees C to activate cutaneous warm receptors. The phenomenon of sensitization of nociceptors was observed. Spinal transection prevented all the respiratory responses to cutaneous heating. We conclude that noxious, but not nonnoxious, increases in skin temperature cause increases in respiratory output.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL STATE OF ATHLETES IN NATURAL HOT CLIMATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 896-899
Author(s):  
S. M. Rasinkin ◽  
Viktoriya V. Petrova ◽  
M. M. Bogomolova ◽  
E. P. Gorbaneva ◽  
A. G. Kamchatnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Average Body

The article presents results of a study of the thermal stability in athletes during specific activities in hot climate. This happened on a training camp at the sports center, located in the district Sredneakhtubinsky of the Volgograd region with the registration of climate indices. The study was conducted in July at an effective temperature +44,6° - +45,4°C. The study involved 6 athletes, representatives of athletics, sports category on the following candidate for master of sports. During the endurance, training (cross) in athletes showed a significant increase in the rectal temperature (RT), average skin temperature (AST), average body temperature (ABT) against the background of the gain in the heart rate. During the training as "repeated cuts", the increase in indices of the thermal state in athletes also persisted, but their values were significantly lower than on the cross. The comparison of the dynamics of indices of the thermal state with the level of sports skills of each athlete showed the following features: the smallest gain in the rectal temperature, average skin temperature and average body temperature observed in cross-country race was observed in sportsman, whose level of training coach the evaluated as a minimal in the group. The highest gain in indices of the thermal state at the cross happened in the athlete with an average fitness level. Optimal gain in such indices as RT, AST and ABT was observed in the most prepared athlete. There was revealed a high level of adaptationness of athletes to the exposure to high temperatures. This is confirmed by the data of the evaluation of dynamics of subjective evaluation of warmth sense modality in athletes during the study period.

Effect of continuous cold exposure on nocturnal body temperatures of man

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Kreider ◽  
P. F. Iampietro ◽  
E. R. Buskirk ◽  
David E. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Responses

Effects of continuous cold stress on 24-hour patterns of body temperature were studied in five men. Cold stress consisted in living at 15.6℃ (60℉) for 14 days wearing only shorts. The cold period was preceded and followed by 2 weeks at 26.7℃ (80℉). Activity (minimal) and diet were the same for all periods. One blanket was used at night. Rectal temperature (Tr) and skin temperature (Ts) were measured. Tr during sleep fell more rapidly and to lower values during cold exposure (35.6℃) than during the control period (36.1℃). Ts during sleep was slightly lower in the cold than in the control period; also, Ts did not exhibit the gradual drop characteristic of sleep in the control period. Comparison of Tr and Ts between early and later cold days revealed the following differences: a) nocturnal Tr fell to lower levels on the later cold days; b) nocturnal toe temperatures were 15℃ (27℉) higher on the later cold days. The arch temperatures followed the same pattern as the toes. No significant differences were found in daytime temperatures between early and later cold days. The data suggest that evidence for acclimatization to cold in terms of altered body temperature responses may be fruitfully sought in responses during rewarming and/or sleep. Submitted on September 19, 1958

Effect of cerebrospinal fluid hyperosmolality on sweating in the heat-stressed patas monkey

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Owen ◽  
R. D. Matthes ◽  
C. V. Gisolfi
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Erythrocebus Patas ◽  
Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Central Stimulation ◽  
Osmotic Stimuli

Dehydration increases the osmolality of body fluids and decreases the rate of sweating during thermal stress. By localizing osmotic stimuli to central nervous system tissues, this study assessed the role of central stimulation on sweating in a heat-stressed nonhuman primate. Lenperone-tranquilized patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas n = 5), exposed to 41 +/- 2 degrees C, were monitored for calf sweat rate, rectal and mean skin temperatures, oxygen consumption, and heart rate during infusions (255–413 microliters) of hypertonic artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) into the third cerebral ventricle. ACSF made hypertonic with NaCl to yield osmolalities of 800 and 1,000 mosmol/kgH2O significantly decreased sweat rate compared with control ACSF (285 mosmol/kgH2O), achieving maximal reductions during infusion of 37 and 53%, respectively. Rectal temperature significantly increased during the recovery period, reaching elevations of 0.69 and 0.72 degrees C, respectively, at 20 min postinfusion. In contrast, ACSF made hypertonic with sucrose (800 mosmol/kgH2O) failed to change sweat rate or rectal temperature during infusion in three animals. Thus, intracerebroventricular infusions of hypertonic ACSF mimicked dehydration-induced effects on thermoregulation. The reduction in heat loss during infusion appeared to depend on an elevation in cerebrospinal fluid [Na+] and not osmolality per se.

Age and sex difference in response to short exposure to extreme dry heat

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Shoenfeld ◽  
R. Udassin ◽  
Y. Shapiro ◽  
A. Ohri ◽  
E. Sohar
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Elderly Male ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Heat Response ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Age And Sex

Sixty volunteers, 33 males and 27 females (18–63 yr), were divided according to age and sex. They were exposed for 10 min to extreme dry heat: 80–90 degrees C dry bulb temperature and 3–4% relative humidity. Their rectal temperature, skin temperature at eight different points, weight, and heart rate were recorded prior to and immediately following the exposure. A mean rise of only 0.5 degrees C in rectal temperature was recorded following exposure as compared to a mean rise of 5.2 degrees C in mean weighted skin temperature (MWST). Female subjects showed a significantly higher rise in MWST than the male subjects. Similarly, a significantly higher rise in MWST was observed in elderly male subjects as compared to the youngest male group (P less than 0.05). The differences in MWST possibly resulted from differences in mean skin blood flow causing differences in skin conductance. Large individual variation in heat response was recorded in rectal temperature, as well as in weighted skin temperatures. The increase in skin temperature during the first 10 min of exposure to extreme dry heat may serve as an indicator for heat tolerance time, and may help predicting heatstroke susceptible individuals.

Role of skin and of core temperatures in man's temperature regulation

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Wyndham
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Passive Control ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Heat Conductance ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
The Right ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The response characteristics have been studied of the curves relating heat conductance and sweat rate to change in rectal temperature at different levels of skin temperature, and vice versa. The increase in these responses with deviation in rectal temperature from the “neutral” setting is highly nonlinear; the neutral point and the curve shift to the right and the slope decreases with lowering of skin temperature and vice versa when it is raised. With further deviation of rectal temperature these responses reach maximum values, i.e., become “saturated.” All of these features are analogous to servomechanisms with negative feedback, giving sensitive and stable control. Control of these responses by skin temperature is more linear, characterizing passive control systems which are insensitive and less stable. Quantitatively, the effect at skin temperature of 26 C of 1 C rise in rectal temperature on heat conductance and sweat rate is 10 times greater than the same rise in skin temperature; at a neutral skin temperature of 33–34 C, a rise of 1 C in rectal temperature is 6–7 times greater; at a high skin temperature of 36 C, a rise in rectal temperature of 1 C is 4–5 times greater. relationship between heat conductance and a change in either rectal or skin temperatures; relationship between sweat rate and a change in either rectal or skin temperatures; response characteristics of curves relating heat conductance to change in either rectal or skin temperatures; response characteristics of curves relating sweat rate to change in either rectal or skin temperatures; assessment of the contribution of skin and rectal temperatures to man's temperature regulation Submitted on October 22, 1963

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