The Effect of Cocaine on the Responses of the Differently Innervated Laryngeal and Bronchial Ends of the Guinea Pig Trachea in Vitro to Clinically used Bronchodilators

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 810-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Jones ◽  
John T. Hamilton ◽  
Neville M. Lefcoe
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Adrenergic Innervation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Normal Tone ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
Support Evidence

Fluorescent histochemical studies indicate that guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle has sparse adrenergic innervation with the greatest nerve density being located at the laryngeal end. In the present study, log dose–response lines were obtained for dl-isoprenaline (ISO), l-adrenaline (ADR), l-noradrenaline (NOR), salbutamol (SALB), and orciprenaline on isolated tracheal chains prepared from both the laryngeal (L) and bronchial (B) ends of the trachea. Responses were obtained in the absence and presence of the Uptake1 blocker, cocaine (0.67 and 6.7 μM) which markedly potentiated responses to NOR and ADR but failed to significantly alter responses to ISO and SALB on L preparations. The degree of potentiation obtained on B preparations was significantly less for NOR and ADR and was not significant for the other agents. In addition, experiments were carried out on tracheal chains which developed their normal tone in the absence of carbachol, and also on preparations obtained from 6-hydroxydopamine treated animals. The present findings, based on selective potentiation of NOR and ADR, support evidence that the degree of adrenergic innervation to the guinea pig trachea is greater at the laryngeal end, and the results obtained with cocaine strengthen the argument that it has a pre-synaptic site of action.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide: am inhibitor of guinea pig gallbladder contraction

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1149-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren W. Kline ◽  
Toyoji Kaneko ◽  
Christina G. Benishin ◽  
Peter K. T. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Gallbladder Contraction ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Site Of Action

Calcitonin geae-related peptide (CGRP) relaxes vascular and intestinal smooth muscle. This study localized CGRP in the guinea pig gallbladder, examined the effects of CGRP on KCl- and ACh-induced contraction, and determined CGRPs site of action in the gallbladder. The gallbladder of male Hartley guinea pigs was used in in vitro tension studies, radioimmunoassay, or immunocytochemical studies. Radioimmunoassay showed that 8.0 ± 0.5 pmol/g of immunoreactive CGRP was present. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that immunoreactive-CGRP nerve fibers occurred around blood vessels, in gallbladder smooth muscle layers, and were associated with ganglia. No immunoreactive cell bodies were observed, even after colchicine treatment. The in vitro tension studies showed that CGRP inhibits either KCl- or acetylcholine-stimulated contraction. CGRP may in part act directly on the gallbladder smooth muscle to inhibit contraction.Key words: calcitonin gene-related peptide, gallbladder, smooth muscle.

The control of trophoblastic growth in the guinea pig

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-418
Author(s):  
E. B. Ilgren
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vivo Analysis

The growth of mouse trophectoderm depends upon the presence of the inner cell mass. Whether this applies to other species of mammals is not known. To investigate this problem, the guinea pig was selected for two reasons. Firstly, the growth of guinea-pig trophoblast resembles that of man. Secondly, earlier studies suggest that the proliferation of guinea-pig trophectoderm may not be under ICM control. Therefore, in the present study, the guinea-pig blastocyst was cut microsurgically to yield two tissue fragments. These contained roughly equal numbers of trophectodermal cells, one fragment being composed only of trophectoderm and the other containing ICM tissue as well. Subsequently, the growth of these mural and polar fragments was followed in vitro since numerous technical difficulties make an in vivo analysis of this problem impracticable. In a manner similar to the mouse, the isolated mural trophectoderm of the guinea pig stopped dividing and became giant. In contrast, guinea-pig polar fragments formed egg-cylinder-like structures. The latter contained regions structurally similar to two presumptive polar trophectodermal derivatives namely the ectoplacental and extraembryonic ectodermal tissues. These findings suggest that guinea-pig trophectodermal growth may occur in a manner similar to the mouse and thus be under ICM control.

scholarly journals Tumour necrosis factor-α induces hyperreactivity in tracheal smooth muscle of the guinea-pig in vitro

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
H-J. Pennings ◽  
K. Kramer ◽  
A. Bast ◽  
W.A. Buurman ◽  
E.F.M. Wouters
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Tumour Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumour Necrosis ◽  
Tracheal Smooth Muscle ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Histamine tachyphylaxis in canine airways despite prostaglandin synthesis inhibition

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1944-1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Antol ◽  
S. J. Gunst ◽  
R. E. Hyatt
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Synthesis Inhibition ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Alpha Chloralose ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitors

Tachyphylaxis to aerosolized histamine was studied in dogs anesthetized with thiamylal after pretreatment with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. Three consecutive histamine dose-response curves were obtained in nine dogs pretreated with 5 mg/kg indomethacin; two of these nine were also pretreated with 10 mg/kg indomethacin. Seven of the nine dogs were pretreated with 4 mg/kg sodium meclofenamate; four of these seven were also pretreated with 12 mg/kg. All dogs had tachyphylaxis at high concentrations of histamine regardless of inhibitor used. Pretreatment with indomethacin while the dogs were under alpha-chloralose-urethan anesthesia gave similar results. Histamine tachyphylaxis was also studied both in the presence and in the absence of indomethacin in tracheal smooth muscle strips obtained from seven additional dogs. A decrease in the median effective dose to histamine was observed in the indomethacin-treated strips, but tachyphylaxis to histamine remained. We conclude that prostaglandin synthesis inhibition does not reverse histamine tachyphylaxis either in vivo or in vitro. Thus the mechanism of histamine tachyphylaxis remains unexplained.

Mechanisms of histamine-induced contraction of canine airway smooth muscle

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shore ◽  
C. G. Irvin ◽  
T. Shenkier ◽  
J. G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Line Tension ◽  
Isometric Tension ◽  
Dose Response Curve ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Histamine Concentration ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine

We studied the effects of atropine (10(-10) to 10(-6) M), tetrodotoxin (TTX) (10(-6) g/ml), and neostigmine (10(-7) M) on the histamine dose-response curve of canine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) in vitro. Pretreatment with atropine or TTX reduced base-line tension in some TSM samples, whereas neostigmine invariably caused contraction of TSM. All concentrations of atropine reduced the maximum isometric tension produced by histamine (Tmax). With 10(-6), 10(-8), and 10(-10) M atropine, Tmax was 57, 74, and 88%, respectively, of its value in paired control samples. Atropine, 10(-9) to 10(-6) M, increased the concentration of histamine which produced 20% of Tmax, whereas 10(-6) M also increased the concentration required to produce 50% of Tmax. TTX reduced tension produced by low concentrations of histamine but had no effect at higher concentrations. Neostigmine shifted the histamine dose-response curve and caused greater tension for any given histamine concentration; Tmax increased by 30% (P less than 0.05). Our data are consistent with spontaneous release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerves in the airway tissue and suggest that histamine either accelerates this release or interacts supra-additively with the acetylcholine at the smooth muscle.

Effect of airway inflammation on smooth muscle shortening and contractility in guinea pig trachealis

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (6) ◽  
pp. L549-L554 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Mitchell ◽  
I. M. Ndukwu ◽  
K. Arbetter ◽  
J. Solway ◽  
A. R. Leff
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Neurogenic Inflammation ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Lever System ◽  
Force Velocity

We studied the effect of either 1) immunogenic inflammation caused by aerosolized ovalbumin or 2) neurogenic inflammation caused by aerosolized capsaicin in vivo on guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) contractility in vitro. Force-velocity relationships were determined for nine epithelium-intact TSM strips from ovalbumin-sensitized (OAS) vs. seven sham-sensitized controls and TSM strips for seven animals treated with capsaicin aerosol (Cap-Aer) vs. eight sham controls. Muscle strips were tethered to an electromagnetic lever system, which allowed isotonic shortening when load clamps [from 0 to maximal isometric force (Po)] were applied at specific times after onset of contraction. Contractions were elicited by supramaximal electrical field stimulation (60 Hz, 10-s duration, 18 V). Optimal length for each muscle was determined during equilibration. Maximal shortening velocity (Vmax) was increased in TSM from OAS (1.72 +/- 0.46 mm/s) compared with sham-sensitized animals (0.90 +/- 0.15 mm/s, P < 0.05); Vmax for TSM from Cap-Aer (0.88 +/- 0.11 mm/s) was not different from control TSM (1.13 +/- 0.08 mm/s, P = NS). Similarly, maximal shortening (delta max) was augmented in TSM from OAS (1.01 +/- 0.15 mm) compared with sham-sensitized animals (0.72 +/- 0.14 mm, P < 0.05); delta max for TSM from Cap-Aer animals (0.65 +/- 0.11 mm) was not different from saline aerosol controls (0.71 +/- 0.15 mm, P = NS). We demonstrate Vmax and delta max are augmented in TSM after ovalbumin sensitization; in contrast, neurogenic inflammation caused by capsaicin has no effect on isolated TSM contractility in vitro. These data suggest that airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo that occurs in association with immunogenic or neurogenic inflammation may result from different effects of these types of inflammation on airway smooth muscle.

scholarly journals Guinea-pig liver tryptophan pyrrolase. Absence of detectable apoenzyme activity and of hormonal induction by cortisol and possible regulation by tryptophan

1974 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulla A.-B. Badawy ◽  
Myrddin Evans
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Liver Enzyme ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pig Liver ◽  
Latent Form ◽  
Tryptophan Pyrrolase ◽  
Guinea Pig Liver

1. When assayed in fresh homogenates, guinea-pig liver tryptophan pyrrolase exists only as holoenzyme. It does not respond to agents that activate or inhibit the rat liver enzyme in vitro. Only by aging (for 30min at 5°C) does the guinea-pig enzyme develop a requirement for ascorbate. 2. The guinea-pig liver enzyme is activated by the administration of tryptophan but not cortisol, salicylate, ethanol or 5-aminolaevulinate. 3. The tryptophan enhancement of the guinea-pig liver pyrrolase activity is prevented by 0, 34 and 86% by pretreatment with actinomycin D, cycloheximide or allopurinol respectively. 4. The guinea-pig liver tryptophan pyrrolase is more sensitive to tryptophan administration than is the rat enzyme. On the other hand, the concentrations of tryptophan in sera and livers of guinea pigs are 45–52% less than those in rats. 5. It is suggested that tryptophan may regulate the activity of guinea-pig liver tryptophan pyrrolase by mobilizing a latent form of the enzyme whose primary function is the detoxication of its substrate.

THE EFFECTS OF GR32191, A NEW THROMBOXANE RECEPTOR BLOCKING DRUG,ON PLATELETS AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE IN VITRO

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Lumley ◽  
E W Collington ◽  
P Hallett ◽  
E J Hornby ◽  
p PA Humphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blocking Drug ◽  
Receptor Blocking ◽  
Thromboxane Receptor ◽  
Induced Aggregation

The effect of a new thromboxane receptor blocking drug GR32191 ([1R-[1α(Z),2β,3β,5α]]-(+)-7-[5-[[(1,1"-biphenyl)-4-yl]methoxy] -3-hydroxy-2-(l-piperidinyl)cyclopentyl]-4-heptenoic acid,hydrochloride) has been examined upon platelets and vascular smooth muscle. In human platelet-rich plasma (PRP), aggregation to thromboxane(Tx) A2, PGH2, arachidonic acid, collagen andU-46619 was antagonised by GR32191 (IC50 range 2-36 nM).Primary aggregation (PRP treated with aspirin 10 pM) to ADP, 5-HT and adrenaline were unaffected by concentrations of GR32191 up to 10 pM. In human PRP, U-46619-induced aggregation and 5-HT release were antagonised by GR32191(10-100 nM). In contrast, in theabsence of aspirin, ADP-induced 5-HT release,but not aggregation, was antagonised by the compound implicating a role for TXA2 in the release process. In human PRP GR32191 (up to 30μM) did not itself induce aggregation or, in the presence of EGTA (4 mM), induce detectable shape change. Up to 10 μM GR32191 was without effect upon the inhibitory activity of PGI2 or PGD2 and at 1μMhad no significant inhibitory activity upon fatty acid cyclooxygenase, thromboxane synthase, prostacyclin synthase, 12-lipoxygenase orphosphodiesterase. The effect of GR32191was quantified further in human platelets suspended in whole blood or physiological salt solution. Aggregation to U-46619 was antagonised byGR32191 with a pA2 (slope of the Schild regression) of 8.2 (1.3) in whole blood and 8.8 (1.3) in resuspended platelets. The compound competitively and specifically antagonised the contractions of strips of human isolatedpulmonary blood vessels and rat and guinea-pig aortic strips produced by U-46619 with pA2 (slope) values of 8.2 (1.1), 7.9 (0.9) and 8.7(0.9) respectively. In contrast contractions induced by KC1 and 5-HT (rat) orKC1and histamine (guinea-pig) were unaffectedbyconcentrations of GR32191 up to 30 μM.Thus GR32191 is a potent and specific thromboxane receptor blocking drug on platelets and vascular smooth muscle in vitro. It is orally active and long lasting in man (Thomas, M et al.,this meeting).

scholarly journals THE CELLULAR SITE OF ACTION OF ANGIOTENSIN

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Richardson ◽  
Aurèle Beaulnes
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Pressor Effect ◽  
Serum Factor ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Exogenous Enzymes ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Enzyme Complexes ◽  
Stimulation Of

The site of action and the distribution of angiotensin II have been studied in the mouse. A comparison of the ratios of angiotensin-14C and inulin-3H at the time of the pressor effect reveals an extracellular pattern of distribution. Morphological studies were made using angiotensin coupled to exogenous enzymes which can be demonstrated histochemically. Coupling of angiotensin to horseradish peroxidase or cytochrome c, with glutaraldehyde or difluorodinitrodiphenylsulfone (FNPS) as the coupling agent, does not alter the pattern of its vasopressor response or that of its inactivation; nor are differences present between angiotensin and the angiotensin-enzyme complexes in the stimulation of in vitro tissue preparations. Dissociation of the complexes was shown not to occur in vitro, but the possibility of a serum factor splitting the complexes immediately after intravenous injection cannot be excluded. Since these complexes are localized on the endothelium and not on the smooth muscle at the time of maximum hypertension, the endothelium is proposed as the site of action for angiotensin.

Contribution of water and lipid soluble substances in the relaxant effects of Tymus vulgaris extract on guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle in vitro

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-383
Author(s):  
Rana Keyhanmanesh ◽  
Mohammad Hossien Boskabady ◽  
Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi Saadatloo ◽  
Morteza Boskabady
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Tracheal Smooth Muscle
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