Peripheral Neural Control of Thermoregulatory Salivary Secretion in the Rat

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin D. Rodland ◽  
F. Reed Hainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Relative Contribution

Rats exposed to heat stress increase heat loss by evaporating saliva groomed onto body surfaces. Both the submaxillary glands and the parotid glands secrete saliva in response to heat, and both are innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. The results of previous investigations have indicated that the parasympathetic nervous supply is of major importance in controlling salivary secretion from the submaxillary glands of heat-stressed rats. In this study saliva was collected directly from the mouth of rats exposed to heat stress, and the saliva was analyzed for sodium concentration to determine the relative contribution of the submaxillary–sublingual and parotid glands. The results indicate that parasympathetic denervation of either the submaxillary glands or the parotid glands greatly reduces secretion from that gland, without affecting the body temperature at which secretion begins. Following sympathetic denervation, salivary secretion seems to start at a higher body temperature.

Evaporative Cooling in the Rat: Differences Between Salivary Glands as Thermoregulatory Effectors

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Reed Hainsworth ◽  
Edward M. Stricker
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Body Temperature Regulation ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Submaxillary Glands

Rats cool themselves in the heat by evaporating saliva groomed onto their body surfaces. Previous reports indicated that surgical removal of the submaxillary glands severely impaired evaporative water loss and body temperature regulation, whereas parotid desalivation had little effect. In the present experiments saliva was collected directly from the oral cavities of rats exposed to heat stress and was identified by its sodium concentration to determine the roles of individual salivary glands as thermoregulatory effectors. The fundamental difference between the glands was that submaxillary secretion was initiated at a lower level of hyperthermia (38.5 °C) than parotid secretion (40.0 °C), and thus made a greater contribution to thermoregulation. For example, normal rats secreted only submaxillary saliva at an ambient temperature of 36 °C and secreted three times more submaxillary saliva than parotid saliva at 40 °C. These results indicate that the submaxillary glands are primary thermoregulatory effectors of rats during heat stress, and that the parotid glands provide supplementary secretion only during pronounced hyperthermia.

scholarly journals 172 Feed intake level and ambient temperature affect the body temperature of pigs exposed to heat stress.

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (suppl_3) ◽  
pp. 295-296
Author(s):  
A Morales Trejo ◽  
D Antoine ◽  
A Valle-Fimbres ◽  
H Bernal Barragán ◽  
L Camacho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intake Level

scholarly journals 262 Heat stress alleviation and dynamic temperature measurement for growing beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 192-193
Author(s):  
Sheyenne M Augenstein ◽  
Meredith A Harrison ◽  
Sarah C Klopatek ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Sprinkler Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Heat stress continues to be a challenge for feedlot producers, forcing physiological adaptations in beef cattle that can have a negative impact on gain and carcass quality. Feedlots may want to incorporate systems that aid in mitigating heat stress, including sprinkler systems, which are commonly found on dairies. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sprinkler systems on the body temperature of growing feedlot steers applied at three different temperature thresholds. Thirty-two Angus-cross beef steers (298 ± 15 SD days of age) were randomly assigned to 8 pens. Treatments were assigned to pens according to location to avoid drainage issues, with one replicate located on the eastern side of the feedlot and the other replicate located on the western side. Treatments including no sprinklers (C), high temperature threshold sprinklers (HT), moderate temperature threshold sprinklers (MT) or low temperature threshold sprinklers (LT). Sprinklers (flow rate: 5.11 L/min) were activated at 33°C (HT), 28°C (MT), and 23°C (LT) for five minutes at corresponding temperatures every thirty minutes for 57 days. Rectal temperature of steers in their pens was measured in the morning (0800 h), afternoon (1500 h), and evening (1900 h) three days each week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for a total of 19 experimental days. Weather measurements, including ambient temperature, windspeed, humidity and solar radiation were recorded at each measurement time along with the maximum values for each day. The change in body temperature (ΔBT) between the morning and afternoon was affected by ambient temperature (P < 0.01); MT (P = 0.02) and LT (P = 0.02) – different than C. There was no significant difference between sprinkler treatments and the control group (P > 0.05). Day affected (ΔBT) between the morning and afternoon (P < 0.05) and the afternoon and evening (P < 0.05). When averaged by day, the control group was significantly higher than MT (P = 0.04) between the morning and afternoon. The control group was also significantly higher than LT between the morning and afternoon (P = 0.03) and the afternoon and evening (P < 0.01). The change in steer body temperature between afternoon and morning was affected by ambient temperature, and averaged across days, lowering the temperature threshold for sprinkling decreased in the afternoon and evening body temperature increase in steers.

Physiology in perspective: The Wisdom of the Body. Neural control of the kidney

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. R633-R641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald F. DiBona
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Renal Sympathetic

Cannon equated the fluid matrix of the body with Bernard’s concept of the internal environment and emphasized the importance of “the safe-guarding of an effective fluid matrix.” He further emphasized the important role of the autonomic nervous system in the establishment and maintenance of homeostasis in the internal environment. This year’s Cannon Lecture discusses the important role of the renal sympathetic nerves to regulate various aspects of overall renal function and to serve as one of the major “self-regulatory agencies which operate to preserve the constancy of the fluid matrix.”

scholarly journals Beat the heat: Culex quinquefasciatus regulates its body temperature during blood-feeding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M. Reinhold ◽  
Ryan Shaw ◽  
Chloé Lahondère
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
The Body ◽  
List Type ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Warm Blood

AbstractMosquitoes are regarded as one of the most dangerous animals on earth. As they are responsible for the spread of a wide range of both human and animal diseases, research of the underlying mechanisms of their feeding behavior and physiology is critical. Among disease vector mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus, which is a known carrier of West Nile virus and Western Equine Encephalitis, remains relatively understudied. As blood sucking insects, adaptations (either at the molecular or physiological level) while feeding on warm blood is crucial to their survival, as overheating can result in death due to heat stress. Our research aims to study how Cx. quinquefasciatus copes with heat associated with the ingestion of a warm blood-meal and to possibly uncover the adaptations this species uses to avoid thermal stress. Through the use of thermographic imaging, we analyzed the body temperature of Cx. quinquefasciatus while blood feeding. Infrared thermography has allowed us to identify a cooling strategy, evaporative cooling via the production of fluid droplets, and an overall low body temperature in comparison to the blood temperature during feeding. Understanding Cx. quinquefasciatus’ adaptations and various strategies that they employ to reduce their body temperature while blood-feeding constitutes the first step towards the discovery of potential targets of opportunity for their control.HighlightsMosquitoes have evolved to cope with heat stress associated with warm blood ingestionCulex quinquefasciatus displays heterothermy while blood-feedingThe abdominal temperature decreases due to evaporative cooling using urine dropletsOverall, the mosquito body temperature is much cooler than the ingested blood

Effect of feed intake level on the body temperature of pigs exposed to heat stress conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cervantes ◽  
D. Antoine ◽  
J.A. Valle ◽  
N. Vásquez ◽  
R.L. Camacho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Intake Level

scholarly journals Review on the Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production and Productivities

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Getachew Bekele
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Poultry Production

Heat stress is a situation where too much heat is absorbed by a person, a plant or an animal and causes stress, illness or even death. Therefore, the objective of this review was to compile current knowledge and evidence from literature about the effects of heat stress in poultry production, and productivities. Heat stress is manifested by elevated body temperature, hot, dry skin, lack of sweating and neurological symptoms such as paralysis, headache, vertigo and unconsciousness. Poultry seems to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress. In the first days of their life poultry need hot climate (32-38°C), but the optimal temperature decreases rapidly with age by 2.5-3.0°C per week. Birds may use sand baths to dissipate the heat from the body, move to a shaded area or seek a micro-environment that avoids extremely high environmental temperature. Birds rose in an open-sided house at 37°C and humidity level of 50-60% showed signs of panting and wing lifting, elevation of body temperature, lower feed consumption, a higher feed conversion ratio, and lowered body weight gain. In females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the hypothalamus and ovary leading to reduced systemic levels and functions. Also in males, semen volume, sperm concentration, number of live sperm cells and motility decrease when subjected to heat stress. In egg production, heat stress has a significant harmful impact on body weight, and feed consumption of laying hens at peak production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and gravity. Both meat type and egg laying chickens respond negatively to high ambient temperatures. Heat stress reduces the relative weights of lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and cloacae bursa.

scholarly journals Effect of heat stress on vital signs in high-yield dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Vujanac ◽  
Danijela Kirovski ◽  
Jovan Bojkovski ◽  
Radisa Prodanovic ◽  
Bozidar Savic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Respiratory Movements

The objective of this work was to examine the influence of outer temperature on values of the vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration) in high-yield dairy cows in early stages of lactation, as well as to establish, on the grounds of the degree of correlation between the values for the vital signs and the temperature humidity index (THI), possibilities for using the examined physiological parameters of the organism as an indicator of heat stress. The experiment covered 10 high-yield dairy cows in the first phase of lactation. The investigations were carried out in the course of July and the first half of August. During the course of the experiment, the average THI was determined daily. An average daily THI higher than 70 indicated that the animal had been exposed to heat stress on that day. Vital signs were measured on twelve occasions during the period of investigation (June 30, July 4, July 7, July 10, July 14, July 17, July 21, July 24, July 29, August 5, August 11, and August 14). It was established on the grounds of the THI values that the examined animals were exposed to heat stress on June 30, July 4, July 7, July 14, July 17, July 21, July 29, August 5, and August 14, while there was no heat stress on July 10, July 24, and August 11. The average body temperature during all the periods of examination, with the exception of July 24, was above the upper physiological limit. A high degree of correlation was established between body temperature and the heat index (r = +0. 509; p = 0.05). The number of respiratory movements per minute was above the physiological values during the entire period of investigation. There was a high degree of correlation between the number of respiratory movements and THI (r = + 0.625; p<0.05). The average pulse values and number of contractions of the rumen did not vary significantly during the period of investigation. No significant correlation was established between the pulse and THI values, or between motoric activities of the rumen and THI. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that, in high-yield dairy cows exposed to moderate heat stress, the body temperature and the number of respiratory movements are above physiologically permitted values. On these grounds, it can be concluded that these two parameters of the vital signs can be used as physiological indicators of heat stress. .

scholarly journals L-Citrulline Influences the Body Temperature, Heat Shock Response and Nitric Oxide Regeneration of Broilers Under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Uyanga ◽  
Minghui Wang ◽  
Tian Tong ◽  
Jingpeng Zhao ◽  
Xiaojuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
No Production ◽  
Shock Response

Heat stress (HS) adversely affects several physiological responses in organisms, but the underlying molecular mechanisms involved are yet to be fully understood. L-Citrulline (L-Cit) is a nutraceutical amino acid that is gaining research interest for its role in body temperature regulation and nitric oxide synthesis. This study investigated whether dietary supplementation with L-Cit (1% of basal diet) could ameliorate the effects of acute HS on thermotolerance, redox balance, and inflammatory responses of broilers. Ross 308 broilers (288 chicks) were subjected to two environments; thermoneutral at 24°C (TNZ) or HS at 35°C for 5 h, and fed two diets; control or L-Cit. The results showed that HS increased the ear, rectal (RT), and core body (CBT) temperatures of broilers, along with higher respiratory rate. The RT and CBT readings were intermittently affected with time effect, whereas, L-Cit supplementation lowered the mean CBT than the control diet. Antioxidant assays showed that superoxide dismutase was increased during HS, while, catalase was promoted by L-Cit supplementation. In addition, L-Cit induced glutathione peroxidase activity compared to the control diet during HS. Hypothalamic heat shock protein (HSP)-90 was upregulated by HS, but L-Cit downregulated heat shock factor (HSF)-1, and HSP 60 mRNA expressions. HSF 3 mRNA expression was downregulated by L-Cit under TNZ condition. More so, HS increased the plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentration but lowered the total NO synthase (tNOS) activity. In contrast, L-Cit supplementation limited NO production but increased the tNOS activity. Arginase activity was increased in the control fed group during HS but L-Cit supplementation lowered this effect. The NOS-COX pathway was significantly affected under TNZ condition, since L-Cit supplementation downregulated the mRNA expression of iNOS-COX2 in the hypothalamus, and further reduced the serum PGE2 concentration. Together, these data indicates that L-Cit influenced the antioxidant defense, heat shock response and nitric oxide regeneration both under thermoneutral and HS conditions; and that L-Cit may be directly and/or indirectly involved in the central regulation of body temperature.

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