Thermal comfort in relation to mean skin temperature

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. L. Topliff ◽  
S. D. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se

Nude men were exposed to a range of ambient temperatures and were brought to a condition of thermal comfort by adjustment of the incident radiation. The mean skin temperature associated with comfort was found to be different for each combination of ambient temperature and incident radiation. It was evident that mean skin temperature, per se, was not a dependable criterion of thermal comfort.

Rabbit's ear in cold acclimation studied on the change in ear temperature

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Harada ◽  
T. Kanno
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Flow Curve ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vascular Beds ◽  
Qualitative Index

The role of the rabbit's ear in cold acclimation was studied by varying the temperature of a climatic room in the range from -10 to +30 degrees C; The skin temperature in a nonanesthetized rabbit's ear showed a characteristic response to changes in ambient temperatures; plotting the ear temperature against the ambient temperature yielded an S-shaped curve. The mean ambient temperature corresponding to the inflection point on the S-shaped curve shifted significantly from about 13 degrees C to about 8 degrees C after cold acclimated of a group fed for 7 wk at -10 degrees C. The shift of the S-shaped curve after cold acclimation may not be due to the change in the norepinephrine sensitivity of the vascular beds of the ear: the effect of norepinephrine on the pressure-flow curve in the isolated rabbit's ear was almost unchanged between the control and the cold-acclimated groups. It is proposed that the shift of the inflection point gives a qualitative index of the acclimated state of the rabbit at a particular temperature.

scholarly journals Spirometry with a Fleisch pneumotachograph: upstream heat exchanger replaces heating requirement

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin R. Miller ◽  
Ole F. Pedersen ◽  
Torben Sigsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Head Temperature ◽  
Exact Temperature ◽  
Subject Differences ◽  
Fleisch Pneumotachograph

Miller, Martin R., Ole F. Pedersen, and Torben Sigsgaard.Spirometry with a Fleisch pneumotachograph: upstream heat exchanger replaces heating requirement. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4): 1053–1057, 1997.—The exact temperature of the head of an unheated Fleisch pneumotachograph (PT) during recording is not known, and variation in its temperature may lead to errors in measuring spirometric indexes. We measured PT head temperature during blows from five normal subjects, recorded by using a PT with and without an upstream heat exchanger to condition the air to the ambient temperature that was set in a climate chamber. Group mean (±SD) temperature of a thermocouple (TC) placed inside the PT head was 11.8 ± 1.9°C with 7°C ambient, 25.4 ± 1.3°C at 23°C, and was 37.2 ± 0.3°C at 37°C. The between-subject range of temperature for this TC was 7.5° at 7°C, 5.5° at 23°C, and 1.1° at 37°C. The mean within-subject within-blow variation of temperature for this TC was 10.0° and 3.3°C for ambient of 7° and 23°C, respectively. At the usual ambient temperature in a laboratory, these differences in temperature lead to a 3.6% between-subject bias in recording, and the within-subject differences lead to 2.6% underreading of peak expiratory flow and a 0.5% overreading later in the blow, which makesatps-to-btpscorrection erroneous or difficult to perform. With the use of an upstream heat exchanger, the group mean temperature was 8.7 ± 0.4°, 23.2 ± 0.2°, and 37.1 ± 0.2°C at the three ambient temperatures, respectively, and the within-subject within-blow variation was reduced to <1°C. A heat exchanger placed upstream of the PT satisfactorily conditioned expired air to the ambient temperature and removed the error.

A mechanism by which helium increases metabolism in small mammals

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Leon ◽  
S. F. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Oxygen Mixture ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Long Evans

The oxygen consumption of male Long-Evans rats was determined at three different ambient temperatures in air and in an equivalent helium-oxygen mixture. It was found that when the ambient temperature is near the skin temperature of the rat, the effect of helium is insignificant. If the ambient temperature is lowered, helium induces an increased metabolism over air at the same temperature. Since helium has a thermal conductivity about six times greater than nitrogen, it is concluded that the accelerated metabolism is in response to the greater heat loss in the presence of helium and the magnitude of this response is proportional to the thermal gradient between the animal and the environment.

The Effects of Bundling on Infant Temperature

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-673
Author(s):  
Geeta Grover ◽  
Carol D. Berkowitz ◽  
Marita Thompson ◽  
Lynne Berry ◽  
James Seidel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test ◽  
The Mean

Objective. To determine whether bundling elevates rectal and/or skin temperature of young infants. Design. Randomized, prospective study stratified by age. Setting. Clinical Studies Center at a teaching hospital in Los Angeles. Patients. Sixty-four well, full-term infants (ages 11 to 95 days). Interventions. Control infants (n = 28) were dressed in a disposable diaper and terry coveralls. Bundled infants (n = 36) were dressed as control infants, plus a cap, a receiving blanket, and a thermal blanket. All infants were monitored in an open crib (room temperature 72° to 75°F). Rectal and skin (anterior mid-lower leg) temperatures and infant states were measured at 5-minute intervals from time 0 to 60 minutes and at 62 and 65 minutes. Results. The mean skin temperature of bundled infants increased by 2.67°C/hr; mean rectal temperature increased by 0.06°C/hr. The mean skin temperature of nonbundled infants increased by 1.5°C/hr; mean rectal temperature decreased by less than 0.01°C/hr. Comparing bundled infants to nonbundled controls, there was a significant rise in skin temperature (P = .0001) but not in rectal temperature (P &gt; .05, Wilcoxon rank sum test). The study had a power &gt; 98% to detect a rise of .5°C in rectal temperature over 60 minutes. The 95% confidence interval for the change in rectal temperature in bundled infants was -0.03 to + 0.15°C. Conclusions. Bundling a healthy infant in a temperate external environment causes an increase in skin temperature, but not in rectal temperature. Elevated rectal temperatures should therefore, rarely if ever be attributed to bundling.

Hand-Skin Temperature and Dexterity

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
Michael W. Riley ◽  
Denise M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Industrial Worker ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Assembly Task ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Female Subjects

This research study examined the dexterity performance of both male and female subjects at ambient temperatures of 35°, 55° and 75°F. Subjects wore typical industrial worker apparel without gloves. Four dexterity measurement methods were used. These were 1) Purdue Pegboard, 2) pencil point tapping, 3) an assembly task, and 4) a fine manipulative task. The subject's performance scores at the various tasks were correlated with the ambient temperature and the hand-skin temperature. Results indicate that females scored better than males on the Purdue Pegboard and a fine manipulative task at all temperatures, while males scored better in pencil point tapping and an assembly task.

scholarly journals Relationship between the Daily Rhythm of Distal Skin Temperature and Brown Adipose Tissue 18F-FDG Uptake in Young Sedentary Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco M. Acosta ◽  
Borja Martinez-Tellez ◽  
Denis P. Blondin ◽  
François Haman ◽  
Patrick C. N. Rensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Daily Rhythm ◽  
Relative Amplitude ◽  
Fdg Uptake ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intraday Variability

The present study examines whether the daily rhythm of distal skin temperature (DST) is associated with brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism as determined by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake in young adults. Using a wireless thermometer (iButton) worn on the nondominant wrist, DST was measured in 77 subjects (26% male; age 22 ± 2 years; body mass index 25.2 ± 4.8 kg/m2) for 7 consecutive days. The temperatures to which they were habitually exposed over the day were also recorded. The interday stability of DST was calculated from the collected data, along with the intraday variability and relative amplitude; the mean temperature of the 5 and 10 consecutive hours with the maximum and minimum DST values, respectively; and when these hours occurred. Following exposure to cold, BAT volume and mean and peak standardized 18F-FDG uptake (SUVmean and SUVpeak) were determined for each subject via static 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning. Relative amplitude and the time at which the 10 consecutive hours of minimum DST values occurred were positively associated with BAT volume, SUVmean, and SUVpeak ( p ≤ 0.02), whereas the mean DST of that period was inversely associated with the latter BAT variables ( p ≤ 0.01). The interday stability and intraday variability of the DST were also associated (directly and inversely, respectively) with BAT SUVpeak ( p ≤ 0.02 for both). All of these associations disappeared, however, when the analyses were adjusted for the ambient temperature to which the subjects were habitually exposed. Thus, the relationship between the daily rhythm of DST and BAT activity estimated by 18F-FDG uptake is masked by environmental and likely behavioral factors. Of note is that those participants exposed to the lowest ambient temperature showed 3 to 5 times more BAT volume and activity compared with subjects who were exposed to a warmer ambient temperature.

Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep IV. Skin temperature and changes in temperature and humidity in the fleece and its surface

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Skin Temperatures

1. A comparison was made between the skin temperature, humidity and temperature within and on the surface of the fleece of unshorn and shorn sheep. This study was conducted during various seasons of the year, at different environmental temperatures, while sheep were maintained in the shade or subjected to direct sunlight.2. Accompanying the rise of ambient temperature (in the shade) from 10 to 43° C. there was an increase in skin temperature from 34 to 40° C. and from 28 to 40° C. of the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.3. The relationship between the rise in skin temperature and that of ambient temperature was not linear, but showed a stepwise pattern in which the ‘breaks’ occurred at similar environmental temperatures for both groups, although skin temperatures of shorn sheep were lower than the unshorn.4. The diurnal change in skin temperature of the shorn sheep was similar to that of the ambient temperature. The decrease in skin temperature of unshorn sheep sometimes lagged behind the fall in environmental temperature. The seasonal variations between summer and winter were more significant in shorn than in unshorn sheep.5. Fleece surface temperatures measured at the same ambient temperatures ranged between 13 and42° C. and 16·5–39·5° C. in the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively. In the break points of the rise in skin temperature, there occurred a drop in temperature gradients between the skin and fleece surface. This probably indicates a rise in thermal conductivity of the fleece at these points.6. The temperature gradient per unit of fleece thickness is inversely related to the depth of fleece and is greater the nearer to the skin.7. With exposure to the sun, skin temperatures of both groups greatly increased and occasionally reached 47° C. Under these conditions the differences between shorn and unshorn groups were not consistent.8. Fleece temperatures of unshorn sheep increased greatly upon exposure to the sun. The maximal temperatures were recorded midway between the fleece surface and skin. These temperatures generally reached 55° C. and sometimes even exceeded 60° C.9. At ambient temperatures of 30–35° C. the vapour pressure close to the skin of unshorn sheep ranged between 35–40 mm. Hg. With shorn sheep, however, the vapour pressure close to the skin was similar to that of the environment. In Yotvata there was a rise in vapour pressure close to the skin when the ambient temperature increased to 40–43° C. This rise in humidity was paralleled by a rise of vapour pressure throughout the wool. It was not linear but rather showed a ‘step-wise’ pattern.10. The vapour pressure in fleece and near the skin of sheep subjected to direct sunlight increased considerably (up to 80 mm. Hg). This rise showed a wave-like curve with various degrees of persistency. Appearance of fluid on the skin of Awassi sheep was observed on several occasions.

Investigation of Gender Differences in Sleeping Comfort at Different Environmental Temperatures

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Pan ◽  
Zhiwei Lian ◽  
Li Lan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Finger Blood Flow ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Finger Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Subjective Evaluations

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there is gender difference in sleep comfort of healthy individuals at various temperatures. During winter, sleep quality was examined under different indoor temperatures (17, 20 and 23°C) using questionnaires and electroencephalogram (EEG). To explore the mechanism responsible for gender differences in comfortable sleeping temperatures, mean skin temperature, finger temperature and finger blood flow were measured. The results showed that females would prefer a higher ambient temperature during sleep than the men. The mean skin temperature for females was higher than that of males, whereas finger skin temperature and finger blood flow were significantly lower in females than in males. Furthermore, skin temperature and finger blood flow were more sensitive to ambient temperature with females than in males. The gender differences in preferred sleeping temperature could therefore be related to these physiological characteristics. Both subjective evaluations and EEG found better sleep quality in males under the same temperatures compared to females. Skin temperature changes over the course of the night also demonstrated longer periods of deep sleep in males compared to females.

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