Relation of emotional status to spontaneous hemorrhage in rats

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-224
Author(s):  
H. B. Biem ◽  
L. B. Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Septal Lesion ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Amygdaloid Lesion ◽  
Emotional Status ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Spontaneous Hemorrhage ◽  
Emotionality Rating ◽  
The Brain

Bilateral septal or amygdaloid lesions were produced in rats with an electrode placed by stereotaxis. Equal numbers of the following groups of rats, amygdaloid lesion, septal lesion, amygdaloid sham, septal sham, unoperated, were randomized for examinations. All animals were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with emotionality ratings by four independent observers. The animals then received phenylindanedione in their diet for 10 days, at the end of which prothrombin times were determined and autopsy examinations performed. Three observers independently rated the degree of spontaneous hemorrhage, and the location of the brain lesion was confirmed histologically. A positive correlation was found between the degree of observed spontaneous hemorrhage and the emotionality rating in animals receiving anticoagulants (r = 0.85). In animals not receiving anticoagulants, less evidence of spontaneous hemorrhage was observed in animals with amygdaloid lesions than in other groups.

scholarly journals UV-induced neuronal degeneration in the rat cerebral cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Nakata ◽  
Masayuki Shimoda ◽  
Shinya Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Focal Brain Injury ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light on the cortical surface can induce a focal brain lesion (UV lesion) in rodents. In the present study, we investigated the process of establishing a UV lesion. Rats underwent UV irradiation (365 nm wavelength, 2.0 mWh) over the dura, and time-dependent changes in the cortical tissue were analyzed histologically. We found that the majority of neurons in the lesion started to degenerate within 24 hours and the rest disappeared within 5 days after irradiation. UV-induced neuronal degeneration progressed in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, UV-induced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positivity and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) immunoreactivity were also detected. These findings suggest that UV irradiation in the brain can induce gradual neural degeneration and oxidative stress. Importantly, UV vulnerability may vary among cortical layers. UV-induced cell death may be due to apoptosis; however, there remains a possibility that UV-irradiated cells were degenerated via processes other than apoptosis. The UV lesion technique will not only assist in investigating brain function at a targeted site but may also serve as a pathophysiological model of focal brain injury and/or neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional cultured mesenchymal stem cells enhance repair of ischemic stroke through inhibition of microglia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuejiao Li ◽  
Yankai Dong ◽  
Ye Ran ◽  
Yanan Zhang ◽  
Boyao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background We show previously that three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit reduced cell size thus devoid of lung entrapment following intravenous (IV) infusion. In this study, we determined the therapeutic effect of 3D-cultured MSCs on ischemic stroke and investigated the mechanisms involved. Methods Rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. 1 × 106 of 3D- or 2D-cultured MSCs, which were pre-labeled with GFP, were injected through the tail vain three and seven days after MCAO. Two days after infusion, MSC engraftment into the ischemic brain tissues was assessed by histological analysis for GFP-expressing cells, and infarct volume was determined by MRI. Microglia in the lesion were sorted and subjected to gene expressional analysis by RNA-seq. Results We found that infusion of 3D-cultured MSCs significantly reduced the infarct volume of the brain with increased engraftment of the cells into the ischemic tissue, compared to 2D-cultured MSCs. Accordingly, in the brain lesion of 3D MSC-treated animals, there were significantly reduced numbers of amoeboid microglia and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, indicating attenuated activation of the microglia. RNA-seq of microglia derived from the lesions suggested that 3D-cultured MSCs decreased the response of microglia to the ischemic insult. Interestingly, we observed a decreased expression of mincle, a damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) receptor, which induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, suggestive of a potential mechanism in 3D MSC-mediated enhanced repair to ischemic stroke. Conclusions Our data indicate that 3D-cultured MSCs exhibit enhanced repair to ischemic stroke, probably through a suppression to ischemia-induced microglial activation.

scholarly journals Brain Size of the African Grasscutter (Thryonomys Swinderianus, Temminck, 1827) at Defined Postnatal Periods

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Ibe ◽  
S. O. Salami ◽  
N. Wanmi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Thryonomys Swinderianus ◽  
Physiological Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Abstract As a sequel to the current advancement in ethology, this study was designed to provide information on the brain size of the African grasscutter at specific postnatal periods and to extrapolate these findings to the behaviour of the rodent in its natural habitat. Brain samples were extracted from African grasscutter neonates on postnatal day 6, juveniles on postnatal day 72 and adults on postnatal day 450 by basic neuro-anatomical techniques. The weight, volume and dimensions of the brain samples were determined in absolute and relative terms. Their encephalisation quotient was also computed. There was a very strong positive correlation between nose-rump length and brain length in the neonates. The relative brain weight of neonates, juveniles and adults were 3.84 ± 0.12 %, 2.49 ± 0.07 % and 0.44 ± 0.03 %, respectively. The differences were significant (P < 0.05). The encephalisation quotient of juveniles was 1.62 ± 0.03 while that of the adult was 0.49 ± 0.02. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). The results were extrapolated to the animal’s cognitive ability, and compared with other rodents. It was concluded that the juvenile African grasscutter may have higher cognitive ability than the adult rodent, thus, juveniles should be preferred in physiological studies of memory and cognition.

scholarly journals Do mirror movements relate to hand function and timing of the brain lesion in children with unilateral cerebral palsy?

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrijn Klingels ◽  
Ellen Jaspers ◽  
Martin Staudt ◽  
Andrea Guzzetta ◽  
Lisa Mailleux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Mirror Movements ◽  
Unilateral Cerebral Palsy ◽  
The Brain

STURGE-WEBER-DIMITRI DISEASE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
L. W. Falkinburg ◽  
M. L. Silver ◽  
M. N. Kay ◽  
J. Stoll
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Mineral Deposit ◽  
General Review ◽  
Unusual Amount ◽  
The Brain

A case of Sturge-Weber's disease, confirmed by necropsy, in a female 2 3/12 years old, is presented. This case, aside from its rarity, is noteworthy in that it is confirmed by necropsy, that the facial lesion is bilateral while the brain lesion is unilateral, and that there is an unusual amount of mineral deposit in the brain considering the short duration of the disease. A general review of this interesting condition is presented. As far as we have been able to tell, this case is the eighteenth confirmed case of Sturge-Weber's disease recorded in the American literature.

Controversial Final Years

2019 ◽  
pp. 451-478
Author(s):  
Stanley Finger
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Cerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Georges Cuvier ◽  
Cortical Localization ◽  
The Brain

Gall remained a controversial figure throughout his life, which ended in Paris in 1828. In his later years, he continued to fight with Georges Cuvier, who had overseen the rejection of his and Spurzheim’s Mémoire to the Institut National in 1808, and with Cuvier’s protégé, physiologist Pierre Flourens. Flourens initially looked favorably on Gall’s doctrine, but during the 1820s his brain lesion experiments on birds and other animals were heralded by the French élite as strong evidence against cortical localization of function. Despite this formidable opposition, Gall did find a supporter of localization of function in physician Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud, who started reporting in 1825 that lesions of the anterior part of the brain are more likely to affect speech than posterior brain damage. Gall’s health began to fail a year later, when he was 68 and began to have strokes. After he succumbed to a cerebral hemorrhage in 1828, his body was buried in Paris’ Cimetiére du Pére-Lachaise, but not his skull, which was examined by his followers and added to his collection. Gall’s organologie, now regarded as phrénologie, now began an even steeper decline in France and throughout the Continent, although “popular phrenology,” with less emphasis on the underlying science, continued to be influential on British and American landscapes.

scholarly journals Impairments of Visuospatial Attention in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaétan Ickx ◽  
Samar M. Hatem ◽  
Inmaculada Riquelme ◽  
Kathleen M. Friel ◽  
Camille Henne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Attention Deficits ◽  
Spastic Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Visuospatial Deficits ◽  
Periventricular Lesion ◽  
The Brain

Aim. This observational study aimed at assessing the prevalence of visuospatial attention deficits in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP), taking into consideration the affected hemibody and the localization of the brain lesion. Method. Seventy-five children with USCP were assessed with four visuospatial attention tests: star cancellation, Ogden figure copy, line bisection, and proprioceptive pointing. Results. A majority (64%) of children with USCP presented a deficit in at least one test compared to the reference values. The alterations observed in children with left or right USCP were related to egocentric or allocentric neglect, respectively. Children with cortico/subcortical lesion presented more often visuospatial attention deficits than children with periventricular lesion. Visuospatial attention deficits were not associated with brain lesion locations. Interpretation. Visuospatial attention deficits are prevalent in children with USCP and should be taken into account during their rehabilitation process. The present results shed new light on the interpretation of motor impairments in children with USCP as they may be influenced by the frequent presence of visuospatial deficits.

scholarly journals Evaluation of brain lesion distribution criteria at disease onset in differentiating MS from NMOSD and MOG-IgG-associated encephalomyelitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Won Hyun ◽  
So-Young Huh ◽  
Hyun-June Shin ◽  
Mark Woodhall ◽  
Su-Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
The Body ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
The Brain

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the utility of the recently described brain lesion distribution criteria to differentiate multiple sclerosis (MS) from aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM) at disease onset in an Asian cohort. Methods: A total of 214 patients who fulfilled the published criteria for MS, NMOSD, or MOG-EM and underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 3 months of disease onset were enrolled. The brain lesion distribution criteria were defined as the presence of a lesion adjacent to the body of the lateral ventricle and in the inferior temporal lobe, or an S-shaped U-fiber lesion, or a Dawson’s finger-type lesion. Results: Brain lesions were identified in the initial MRI scans of 166/214 patients. The distribution criteria were applied to these scans (MS ( n = 94), NMOSD ( n = 64), and MOG-EM ( n = 8)). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the criteria for MS versus NMOSD were 79.8%, 87.5%, 90.4%, and 74.7%, and for MS versus MOG-EM these were 79.8%, 100%, 100%, and 29.6%, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the brain lesion distribution criteria are helpful in distinguishing MS from NMOSD and MOG-EM in an Asian population, even at disease onset.

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