WATER INTAKE OF RATS IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXPOSURE TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin J. Fregly ◽  
Irving W. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
The Relationship

Rats exposed to air at 6 °C for 1, 3, 6, 10, and 12 days manifested an apparent "thirst" upon return to a warm (26 °C) environment. Drinking began within 80 minutes and continued for at least 24 hours after removal from the cold. Up to 10% of the 24-hour fluid intake was ingested within one-half hour after removal from the cold. During exposure to cold for 1 to 3 days, water intake either remained unchanged or decreased compared with values obtained before cold exposure, while food intake increased within 24 hours. The relationship between simultaneous daily intake of food and water was altered significantly by cold such that less water was ingested for a given food intake during exposure to cold than before exposure. A state of dehydration relative to controls may be present in cold-exposed rats as suggested by their decreased water intake for a given food intake and by increases in both osmolality and chloride concentration of serum. The increased water intake immediately after removal from the cold may be a manifestation of the relative dehydration. However, persistence of an increased water intake up to 24 hours after removal from the cold is unexplained.

scholarly journals Cold-induced hyperphagia requires AgRP-neuron activation in mice

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Deem ◽  
Chelsea L Faber ◽  
Christian Pedersen ◽  
Bao Anh Phan ◽  
Sarah A Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Neuron Activation ◽  
Increase Food Intake

To maintain energy homeostasis during cold exposure, the increased energy demands of thermogenesis must be counterbalanced by increased energy intake. To investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this cold-induced hyperphagia, we asked whether agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons are activated when animals are placed in a cold environment and, if so, whether this response is required for the associated hyperphagia. We report that AgRP-neuron activation occurs rapidly upon acute cold exposure, as do increases of both energy expenditure and energy intake, suggesting the mere perception of cold is sufficient to engage each of these responses. We further report that silencing of AgRP neurons selectively blocks the effect of cold exposure to increase food intake but has no effect on energy expenditure. Together, these findings establish a physiologically important role for AgRP neurons in the hyperphagic response to cold exposure.

Feeding Ecology of the Nocturnal Gecko Hemidactylus brookii in Ghana

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe diet of Hemidactylus brookii captured at Legon, Ghana, during July was composed entirely of arthropods; Lepidoptera larvae and cockroaches formed 40% of the total weight of food. Daily food intake during the dry season estimated from production of excretory urates was equivalent to that of small diurnal lizards, and given by the relationship F = 20.9W0.51 where F = food consumption in mg dry weight per day and W = live weight in grams. Daily intake during the wet season was variable and often reduced.

scholarly journals Beverage Type and Hydration Parameters in Older Persons Following a Texture-Modified Diet and Living in Long-term Care Residences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose CE Serrano ◽  
Meritxell Martín-Gari ◽  
Jèssica Miranda ◽  
Anna Cassanye ◽  
Mireia Badia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Modified Diet

Abstract Background: Dehydration due to insufficient fluid intake is a common feature in older adults, a situation that is exacerbated in those who follow a texture modified diet. Most studies have been focused on the total amount of fluid intake without taking into consideration hydration capacities from different beverages. This study aimed to evaluate which is the relationship between the intake of different beverage types and their relationship with hydration parameters in older adults. Methods: A prospective observational study in 22 volunteers that followed a texture-modified diet and thickened liquids with a monthly follow-up for 4 months was performed with older people living in long-term care residences. Beverage intake was assessed daily, and hydration parameters were determined at the end of each month. Results: 50% of the volunteers presented an inadequate fluid intake (< 90% of the recommended daily intake of 30 mL/kg of body weight). Gelatine was the preferred hydration drink, providing 54% of the water intake outside the diet, while water and fruit juices constituted approximately 18% of the intake each, and other beverages such as milk and yogurt, the remaining 10%. No correlation was observed between the total amounts of liquids taken during the day with any of the biomarkers of hydration analysed. Contrary, plain water intake inversely correlated with blood levels of sodium (r= -0.25), and Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) activity (r= -0.29); while gelatine directly correlated with haematocrit (r= 0.25). Since different beverages were consumed during the day, cluster analysis was performed to determine patterns of beverage intake. Three patterns of beverage intake were identified, mainly high in plain water, high in gelatine, and mixed beverage intake. The pattern with a higher intake of gelatine, as a source of water, reported the worst parameters of hydration. Similarly, it was observed that a pattern with high plain water intake showed higher levels of fluid intake. Conclusions: It was concluded that besides the focus on total fluid intake, an appropriate selection of beverages is another important criterion that should be taken into consideration for hydration in older people.

scholarly journals Cold Exposure Exacerbates the Development of Diabetic Polyneuropathy in the Rat

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lora J. Kasselman ◽  
Aristidis Veves ◽  
Christopher H. Gibbons ◽  
Seward B. Rutkove
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Diabetic Polyneuropathy ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
The Relationship

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and cold-induced nerve injury share several pathogenic mechanisms. This study explores whether cold exposure contributes to the development of DPN. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and controls were exposed to a room temperature (23∘C) or cold environment (10∘C). H-reflex, tail and sciatic motor, and sensory nerve conduction studies were performed. Analyses of sural nerve, intraepidermal nerve fibers, and skin and nerve nitrotyrosine ELISAs were performed. Diabetic animals exposed to a cold environment had an increased H-reflex four weeks earlier than diabetic room temperature animals (P=.03). Cold-exposed diabetic animals also had greater reduction in motor conduction velocities at 20 weeks (P=.017), decreased skin nerve fiber density (P=.037), and increased skin nitrotyrosine levels (P=.047). Cold exposure appears to hasten the development of DPN in the rat STZ model of diabetes. These findings support that further study into the relationship between ambient temperature and DPN is warranted.

Relationship between food and water ingestion in the rabbit

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Cizek
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Ad Libitum

Studies of ad libitum food-water intake relationship were made on 146 rabbits over a period of 7 1/2 years. Fluid intake was considerable, averaging at least 200 cc/day. Though daily variations occurred, major deflections from this mean were rare. Six-month studies revealed a quantitative linear relationship between food and water intakes. This relationship was altered somewhat by age since both water and food intake continue to decrease with time, water at a slightly greater rate than food. When food was suddenly removed, male rabbits consistently displayed a syndrome of polydipsia and polyuria. Balance studies revealed a sodium chloride deficiency. This caused polydipsia because substituting saline for drinking water abolished enhanced drinking. Equimolar solutions of potassium chloride were without such an effect. Female rabbits showed variable responses to food deprivation, depending on age. When young, the response was polydipsic. Repeated food deprivations resulted in decreasing responses as the rabbit matured; as aging continued, the responses reverted back to a polydipsic phase. Castration of females abolished this cyclic response.

Water and electrolyte exchange in rats exposed to cold

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin J. Fregly
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Electrolyte Loss ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Electrolyte Exchange

Exposure of rats to air at 6 °C for 10 days increased food intake and urine output but failed to affect water intake. A comparison of water with food intake revealed a smaller water intake for a given food intake for cold-exposed than for control rats. The urine output at a given water intake was also greater for cold-exposed rats. In addition, cold exposure failed to affect urine osmolality significantly. Thus, the greater solute output accompanying cold exposure was accomplished by increasing urine flow rather than by concentrating urine. These results suggest possible mechanisms for both the relative dehydration and increased plasma osmolality observed after removal of rats from cold air. Both fecal and urinary routes of sodium and potassium excretion were increased by cold exposure; however, fecal excretions of both potassium and sodium were greater fractions of the total output during cold exposure than prior to it. Although cold exposure tends to induce a relative dehydration in rats, an important factor limiting the extent of the dehydration may be increased fecal electrolyte loss.

EFFECT OF INCREASED METABOLISM AND OF HYPERPHAGIA ON DIETARY AMINO ACID IMBALANCE IN THE RAT

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1011-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance

In male Wistar rats, the effects of cold exposure (6 °C) on dietary amino acid imbalances were investigated. In agreement with the previous observation of Klain et al., exposure to cold throughout the experimental period (28 days) prevented the decreased food intake and body weight gain observed at 24 °C in rats fed a 6% fibrin diet supplemented with 0.4% DL-methionine and 0.6% DL-phenylalanine. It was also observed that subsequent exposure to cold eliminated these effects of an existing- imbalance previously induced at: 24 °C. With a 10% fibrin diet supplemented with 0.6% DL-methionine and 0.9% DL-phenylalanine, no pronounced effect attributable to an amino acid imbalance was observed at 24 °C. It is concluded that exposure to cold prevents the deleterious effects of an amino acid imbalance superimposed on a 6% protein diet, and subsequent exposure to cold eliminates these effects of an existing imbalance, L-Thyroxine, injected daily at a level of 30 μg/100 g body weight, simulated cold exposure in that it caused an increased food intake in rats fed a 6% fibrin – unbalanced diet. In hypothalamic-hyperphagic rats, a deleterious effect of a 6% fibrin – imbalanced diet was apparent initially; after 10 days' feeding, lesioned rats fed a 6% fibrin diet ceased to gain weight whereas those fed the imbalanced diet continued to do so.

scholarly journals Cold-induced hyperphagia requires AgRP neuron activation in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Deem ◽  
Chelsea L. Faber ◽  
Christian Pedersen ◽  
Bao Anh Phan ◽  
Sarah A. Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Neuron Activation ◽  
Increase Food Intake

ABSTRACTTo maintain energy homeostasis during cold exposure, the increased energy demands of thermogenesis must be counterbalanced by increased energy intake. To investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this cold-induced hyperphagia, we asked whether agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons are activated when animals are placed in a cold environment and, if so, whether this response is required for the associated hyperphagia. We report that AgRP-neuron activation occurs rapidly upon acute cold exposure, as do increases of both energy expenditure and energy intake, suggesting the mere perception of cold is sufficient to engage each of these responses. We further report that silencing of AgRP neurons selectively blocks the effect of cold exposure to increase food intake. Together, these findings establish a physiologically important role for AgRP neurons in the hyperphagic response to cold exposure.

Changes in food intake with electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in dogs

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1253-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Brown ◽  
Richard G. Fessler ◽  
Jacob R. Rachlin ◽  
Sean Mullan
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ Six adult dogs were implanted stereotaxically with chronic indwelling Medtronic platinum-tipped electrodes in the left ventromedial hypothalamic area (VMH); two dogs with electrodes placed in the subcortical white matter served as controls. Following 24 hours of food deprivation, VMH-stimulated dogs delayed their next meal for a period ranging from 1 to 18 hours. When not stimulated, however, each dog ate immediately upon receiving its food and consumed greater than average daily intake (p < 0.005). The two control dogs ate immediately upon receiving food regardless of whether they were stimulated or not. Dogs that received 1 hour of VMH stimulation every 12 hours for 3 consecutive days maintained an average daily food intake of 35% of normal baseline levels (range 13% to 51%), and water consumption averaged 50% of baseline intake (range 29% to 67%). Both of these results were statistically significant (p < 0.01). After cessation of stimulation, food and water intake returned to normal within 6 to 9 days, with no observable “rebound hyperphagia.” The two animals that received subcortical electrodes showed no change in food or water intake with stimulation. Blood pressure, pulse, respiration, temperature, and gross behavior were not altered during or after stimulation. These results suggest that the use of electrical stimulation of the VMH may be a useful modality for regulating food intake, and deserves further examination as a potential alternative therapy for human morbid obesity.

Effect of water temperature during cold exposure on thermogenic drinking in rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Fregly ◽  
B. J. Kaplan ◽  
J. G. Brown ◽  
E. L. Nelson ◽  
P. E. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Drinking Response

Availability of water at temperatures higher than ambient (15, 25, 35 degrees C) failed both to affect the ratio of water to food intake during exposure to cold air (5 degrees C) and to influence the thermogenic (postcold exposure) drinking response of rats which characteristically occurs immediately after removal from cold air. Thus, availability of warm water during exposure to cold appeared to have no influence on cold-induced dehydration in rats. A specially constructed drinking apparatus was used in this study. It was designed to maintain water at temperatures greater than ambient during exposure to cold. Details for construction of the apparatus are provided.

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