STUDIES ON HABITUATION TO COLD PAIN

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques LeBlanc ◽  
Pierre Potvin
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Cold Pain ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Water Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Habituation To Cold

It was possible to produce habituation to cold in a group of human subjects by immersing the left hand in cold water for [Formula: see text] minutes twice a day for 19 days. The right hand did not adapt. Another group of subjects was exposed similarly with the difference that an anxiety test (mental arithmetic test) was always given simultaneously with the cold-water test. In this second group the original blood pressure response, i.e. for the first day, was greater than in the first group because of the cumulative effects of the two tests. After 19 days definite evidence was obtained for adaptation to these two tests administered together. However, when these tests were given separately to the second group, no adaptation was evident; adaptation occurred only to both tests given simultaneously. These results indicate that no adaptation develops to cold per se if the subjects are distracted from cold discomfort. It was also found that adaptation of one hand to cold water not only failed to induce adaptation in the opposite hand but even reinforced responses of the unadapted hand. These findings suggest a participation of the central nervous system in adaptation to cold pain, and tend to minimize the importance of local peripheral changes.

scholarly journals Refinements of the Lower Bounds of the Jensen Functional

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Franjić ◽  
Sadia Khalid ◽  
Josip Pečarić
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Jensen Inequality ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Jensen Functional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The lower bounds of the functional defined as the difference of the right-hand and the left-hand side of the Jensen inequality are studied. Refinements of some previously known results are given by applying results from the theory of majorization. Furthermore, some interesting special cases are considered.

Foot Performance of Right- and Left-Handers: A Question of Environmental Influence

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 671-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Gabbard ◽  
Susan Hart
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Adequate Explanation ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Prior research has shown that right-handed adults perform better on a speed-tapping task with the right hand and right foot, while left-handers execute more rapidly with the left hand and right foot. Speculation is that environmental influence, most likely driving experience, may account for the right-foot bias. To examine this hypothesis further, 48 young right- and left-handed children were tested on a similar protocol. Analyses indicated no significant differences in foot performance within hand-preference groups. Since these findings do not complement reports for adults, factors such as experience or maturation might contribute to the difference. Were patterns similar, the effect of environmental influence would be assumed to be small. However, much more evidence is needed before an adequate explanation can be developed. The issue of possible environmental influence is discussed from various theoretical perspectives.

Functional imaging of human motor cortex at high magnetic field

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Kim ◽  
J. Ashe ◽  
A. P. Georgopoulos ◽  
H. Merkle ◽  
J. M. Ellermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
High Field Strength ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right

1. We used conventional gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high field strength (4 Tesla) to functionally image the right motor cortex in six normal human subjects during the performance of a sequence of self-paced thumb to digit oppositions with the left hand (contralateral task), the right hand (ipsilateral task), and both hands (bilateral task). 2. A localized increase in activity in the lateral motor cortex was observed in all subjects during the task. The area of activation was similar in the contralateral and bilateral tasks but 20 times smaller in the ipsilateral task. The intensity of activation was 2.3 times greater in the contralateral than the ipsilateral task.

Uncertainty of sweat chloride testing: does the right hand know what the left hand is doing?

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Mackay ◽  
C M Florkowski ◽  
P M George ◽  
C W Sies ◽  
S Woods
Keyword(s):  
Total Variation ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sweat Test ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Sweat Chloride ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Analytical Variation

Although analytical variation in sweat electrolyte testing can be easily estimated, there is limited data on total variation. This study aims to evaluate the total variation of the sweat test by measuring the difference between sweat electrolyte values in specimens obtained simultaneously from two sites. Chloride is recommended in published guidelines as the only discriminant for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, and sodium may be measured as a guide to the adequacy of collection and analysis. Both are reported here. Sweat was collected in patients by the Gibson Cooke method from two sites simultaneously. Coefficient of variation in this laboratory is 4.1 and 5% for chloride and sodium, respectively. 295 patients had sufficient sweat collected from both sites for analysis. The values for chloride and sodium were compared between the two sites. The total coefficient of variation (CVt) calculated for the whole group between the two sites was 20.2% for chloride and 16.9% for sodium, and the standard deviations 4.3 mmol/L and 4.8 mmol/L, respectively. In patients with intermediate chloride concentrations; in different age groups; and when those tests with a difference between sodium and chloride concentration of more than 15 were excluded, minimal differences in these figures were observed. Use of strictly defined cut-off points to discriminate between normal and intermediate electrolyte values, and between intermediate and raised electrolyte values, does not reflect the variation in sweat electrolyte content found within an individual patient. This has important implications for reporting.

CT Image Measurement and Analysis of the Influence of Different Motion Modes on the Geometrical Morphology of Carpal Bone

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-917
Author(s):  
Zegang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Carpal Bone ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Motion Modes ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Capitate Bone

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of different movement modes on the geometrical morphology of carpal bones. In this study, Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is used for measurement and analysis. The results show that the changes of wrist bone volume of athletes are not significant compared with that of non-athletes, and the changes of bone density of the wrist bone are more obvious under the motion stress stimulation. According to results of CT imaging measurement and calculation, the average CT values of triangular bone, trapezoid bone, capitate bone and pisiform bone in the left hand and hamate bone in the right hand of the athlete are greater than that of the non-athlete, and the difference is statistically significant. Therefore, CT imaging technology can help to reconstruct the three-dimensional image of the carpal bone and deeply understand the geometric shape of the carpal bone of athletes.

scholarly journals Problems with perfect-looking two-needle decorative seams in the manufacture of leather car seat covers

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Katarina Zelova ◽  
Viera Glombikova ◽  
Antonin Havelka
Keyword(s):  
Causal Link ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Slant Angle ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Sewing Thread ◽  
Penetration Force ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cutting Point ◽  
Needle Point

This study objectively evaluates the uneven appearance of the two-needle decorative seams of leather seat covers. The investigation is based on both measurement of the stitch slant angle by image analysis and measurement of the penetration force influenced by different cutting points of the needles. To record the unevenness the new parameter, the difference of the stitch slant between the right- and left-hand sides of the seam was evaluated. Further, the interrelation ship among penetration force differences of the stitch slant and type of needle point was searched for to meet the requirements of car producers for a perfect appearance of decorative seams. The degree of uneven seam was measured within subjective visual evaluation, too. Four natural and two artificial leathers were tested. A combination of two threads and four needle points was applied to the tested leathers. It was confirmed that the uneven appearance was influenced by the type of leather, the point of the sewing needle and by the sewing thread. The selection of the needle point influenced the size of the force required for penetrating the leather. It was determined only in half of the cases that the smaller the force of penetration, the more even the appearance of the decorative seam. In most cases, using the cutting point LR, the left seam looked less slanted than the right one. Conversely, when using the cutting point for straight stitch appearance, that is, DH, the left stitch looked straighter than the right one. The causal link between the new parameter Δβ and the suitability of the applied needles and threads for leather materials was found.

scholarly journals Association between the 2D:4D ratio and schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 030006052092914
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Han ◽  
Wei Deng ◽  
Wei Lei ◽  
Yin Lin ◽  
Yinfei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Digit Length

Objective To investigate the potential association between the ratio of the second digit length to the fourth digit length (2D:4D) and schizophrenia, to provide evidence regarding the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Methods In this study, we enrolled 843 patients with schizophrenia (387 men and 456 women), all of whom met the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), and 1050 normal healthy controls (477 men and 573 women). The digit lengths of both hands were measured in all subjects and the 2D:4D ratio was analyzed. Results In the healthy controls, the 2D:4D ratio was sexually dimorphic, with a larger value in women than in men. In addition, the 2D:4D ratio in the schizophrenia patients was significantly larger than in the healthy controls. The 2D:4D ratio of the right hand was more sexually dimorphic than the left hand. Furthermore, the difference in 2D:4D ratios between the male patients and male controls was significantly larger than in their female counterparts. Conclusions By analyzing the 2D:4D ratio and considering alternative factors related to schizophrenia, our findings support the hypothesis that there are abnormal cerebral conditions in schizophrenia patients.

scholarly journals Generalized Steffensen Type Inequalities Involving Convex Functions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josip Pečarić ◽  
Ksenija Smoljak Kalamir
Keyword(s):  
Convex Functions ◽  
Linear Functionals ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Exponentially Convex Functions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Class Of Functions ◽  
Right And Left Hand

In this paper generalized Steffensen type inequalities related to the class of functions that are “convex at pointc” are derived and as a consequence inequalities involving the class of convex functions are obtained. Moreover, linear functionals from the difference of the right- and left-hand side of the obtained generalized inequalities are constructed and new families of exponentially convex functions related to constructed functionals are derived.

A Segmental Effect Involved in the Changes of Skin Blood Flow Induced by Acupuncture in Normal Health Human

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Min Jan ◽  
Tsai-Chung Li ◽  
Ching-Liang Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adult Volunteers

Our previous studies found that segmental effect of spinal nerve plays an important role in acupuncture stimulation (AS) on nail-fold microcirculation. Calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) is a potent endogenous vasodilator. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of AS on skin blood flow (SBF) and skin temperature (ST), and the involvement of spinal nerve segment and CGRP. A total of 17 healthy adult volunteers were studied, and all of them accepted three assessments as follows: (1) left Waiguan (SJ5) assessment (LW), AS applied to Waiguan acupoint of the left hand with obtaining qi; (2) right Waiguan assessment (RW), AS applied to Waiguan acupoint of the right hand with obtaining qi; (3) sham assessment, AS applied to the cutaneous portion of Waiguan acupoint of the left hand only. Each assessment was divided into before acupuncture period (BP), acupuncture period (AP) and post acupuncture period (PP). Both SBF and skin temperature (ST) were recorded simultaneously for 20 min at central dorsal part of the left hand in each period. Besides, the levels of CGRP in the blood were measured before AS, and at 20 min after AS in the LW assessment. Results indicated that the SBF was less in the PP than that in the BP, but SBF did not significantly vary between AP and BP, and between AP and PP in the LW assessment; SBF is similar among BP, AP, and PP in the sham and RW assessments; the difference of SBF between AP and BP was greater in the LW assessment than that in the sham assessment; the difference of SBF between AP and BP, and between PP and BP was greater in the LW assessment than that in the RW assessment. The levels of CGRP in the BP were similar to that at 20 min after AS; ST was similar among BP, AP and PP in the sham, LW and RW assessments. These results suggested that a segmental effect of spinal nerve is involved in the changes of SBF induced by AS since both the cutaneous part of left Waiguan acupoint and central dorsal part of the left hand belong to the 7th segment of cervical nerve.

scholarly journals II. The inheritance of sinistrality in Limnæa peregra ( Mollusca, Pulmonata )

1931 ◽  
Vol 219 (462-467) ◽  
pp. 51-131 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Limncea peregra is one of the commonest British fresh-water molluscs. Like other aquatic Pulmonates, it is hermaphrodite and breeds either by self- or cross-fertilisation. Normally the shell and body are coiled in a right-handed spiral (“dextral”) . Very rarely a reversed (“sinistral”) form occurs in which the whole symmetry is completely inverted : the shell and body are coiled in a left-handed spiral, the heart and kidney are reversed ; the rectum, penis and vagina open on the left-hand side of the neck instead of the right; the osphradium is on the left and the consequent asymmetry of the nervous ganglia is reversed. A sinistral snail is a complete mirror image of a dextral. The difference involves the whole development of each individual : it is apparent in the first division of the egg and obvious in the second. To be twisted either to the right or to the left seem to be the only available morphological possibilities. A shell which is not dextral is not necessarily sinistral, nor vice versa ; the shells might be coiled on the flat, something like a Planorbis . We have had a few of these monsters (fig. 8, Plate 10), of which the animals have been sinistral : if fertile they have normal dextral or sinistral young and appear to play no particular part in the genetic scheme. But a spiral mode of cleavage in the egg and a spiral twist in the soft parts of the adult seem to be essential qualities of gastropod mollusca, and an animal which is neither dextral nor sinistral is presumably impossible : the twist being obligatory there is no third alternative.

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