THE EFFECT OF TRI-o-CRESYL PHOSPHATE INTOXICATION ON PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS IN CAT SPINAL CORD

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Lipid Phosphorus ◽  
Phospholipid Synthesis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acid Stable ◽  
Acid Labile

Demyelination was produced in cats by the intramuscular administration of 0.4 ml/kg of tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), and spinal cord was removed and assayed for lipid phosphorus. Spinal cord mince was incubated with choline bromide-1,2-C14, ethauolamine. HCl-1,2-C14, or L-serine-3-C14, and the incorporation of these substrates into the alkali-labile fraction was measured. A significant difference in the lipid phosphorus content of the caudal and cervical sections of spinal cord was observed in both normal and TOCP-treated animals. The lipid phosphorus and the percentage of the lipid phosphorus present as phosphatidyl ethanolamine was significantly increased in the cervical cord of the TOCP-injected cats. No differences were found in the incorporation of the labelled substrates into the phosphatides of the alkali-labile, alkali-stable acid-labile, or alkali-stable acid-stable phospholipids, or into the total lipid phosphorus of minced spinal cord from normal or TOCP-treated cats.

Dynamic somatosensory evoked potentials to determine electrophysiological effects on the spinal cord during cervical spine extension

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichiro Morishita ◽  
Takeshi Maeda ◽  
Takayoshi Ueta ◽  
Masatoshi Naito ◽  
Keiichiro Shiba
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Median Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Significant Difference

Object The goal of this prospective study was to investigate somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) during dynamic motion of the cervical spine and to evaluate the efficacy of analyzing dynamic SSEPs for predicting dynamic effects on the spinal cord in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Methods In total, 40 human subjects (20 CSM patients and 20 healthy volunteers as a control group) were examined prospectively using dynamic SSEPs with median nerve stimulation. The CSM patients showed cervical myelopathy due to cervical cord compression at the C4–5 segment. The SSEPs were examined with the cervical spine in a neutral position and at a 20° extension for 10 and 20 minutes. Changes in the N20 latency and amplitude were determined and analyzed. The authors defined the changes in the N20 latency and N20 amplitude between the neutral and extension positions of the cervical spine as percent latency and amplitude, respectively. Results In the CSM patients, SSEPs tended to deteriorate after cervical spine extension, and a statistically significant deterioration of the N20 amplitude after the extension was observed. Moreover, the percent latency and amplitude progressively increased during cervical spine extension in these patients. In the healthy controls, SSEPs tended to deteriorate with cervical spine extension, but these changes did not result in statistically significant differences. Moreover, in this group the percent latency and amplitude were almost identical during the extension. When the CSM patients and the healthy controls were compared, a significant difference in the percent amplitude was observed between the 2 groups during the cervical spine extension. Conclusions This study suggests the potential of dynamic SSEPs as a useful neurophysiological technique to detect the effect of dynamic factors on the pathogenesis of CSM.

Lipids of Cod Muscle and the Effect of Frozen Storage

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1025-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Bligh ◽  
Margaret A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Total Lipid ◽  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Phospholipid Content ◽  
Silicic Acid Chromatography ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The lipid composition of fresh and frozen cod (Gadus morhua) muscle was studied using silicic acid chromatography. Dark cod muscle contained about three times as much total lipid as white muscle but the composition was quite similar. The most significant difference was that the dark tissue lipid contained more esterified cholesterol and less phosphatidyl choline. Frozen storage for up to 9 months at −12 C showed that the free fatty acid content increased from 5 to 326 mg/100 g tissue due to the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline. Other phospholipids were not hydrolyzed. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine hydrolysis ceased after storage for 4 months, whereas hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline continued thereafter at a slower rate. After 9 months, the phospholipid content of the total lipid had dropped from 84 to 32% and only 13% of the original phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline remained unhydrolyzed.

scholarly journals The effectiveness and safety of LMWH for preventing thrombosis in patients with spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze Lin ◽  
Yun Sun ◽  
Hang Xue ◽  
Lang Chen ◽  
Chenchen Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Review Manager ◽  
Evident Difference

Abstract Background Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are commonly used for preventing venous thrombosis of the lower extremity in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Although, LMWH is the most commonly used drug, it has yet to be established whether it is more effective and safer than UFH. Further, a comparison of the effectiveness of LMWH in preventing thrombosis at different locations and different degrees of spinal cord injury has also not been clearly defined. Materials and methods Cohort studies comparing the use of LMWH and UFH in the prevention of lower limb venous thrombosis in patients with spinal cord injury were identified using PubMed. The risk of bias and clinical relevance of the included studies were assessed using forest plots. The Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. The main results of the study were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3. Results A total of five studies were included in this meta-analysis. Four studies compared the effectiveness and safety of LMWH and UFH in preventing thrombosis in patients with spinal cord injury. No significant differences were found between the therapeutic effects of the two drugs, and the summary RR was 1.33 (95% CI 0.42–4.16; P = 0.63). There was also no significant difference in the risk of bleeding between the two medications, and the aggregate RR was 0.78 (95% CI 0.55–1.12; P = 0.18). When comparing the efficacy of LMWH in preventing thrombosis in different segments and different degrees of spinal cord injury, no significant differences were found. Conclusions The results of this analysis show that compared with UFH, LMWH has no obvious advantages in efficacy nor risk prevention, and there is no evident difference in the prevention of thrombosis for patients with injuries at different spinal cord segments.

scholarly journals Arrow-Shot Injury to Pediatric Spinal Cord

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayveer Singh ◽  
Sharad Thanvi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Dural Suturing ◽  
Stab Injuries ◽  
Early Surgical Intervention

AbstractPenetrating spinal cord injuries (PSCI) in cervical region are extremely rare in pediatric population. Most injuries in pediatric population are accidental due to gunshot or a stab injury with a sharp or pointed object. Gun shots may result into a severe wound which is usually fatal and may result in death, quadriplegia, or serious long-term disability. Stab injuries are less severe and may result in neurological sequalae. In this paper, an unusual case of pediatric arrow shot partial cervical cord injury is reported which was managed by aggressive neurosurgical management. The arrow lodged in the cervical cord was very near to the vertebral artery leading to parapariesis which recovered well without any complications. Diagnostic imaging at admission included radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and CT angiography of the cervical region. The patient underwent early surgical intervention with removal of foreign body from the cord and subsequent dural suturing.

The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Psychological Flexibility and Emotional Regulation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saeed Khanjani ◽  
Javad Kazemi ◽  
Jalal Younesi ◽  
Asghar Dadkhah ◽  
Akbar Biglarian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Psychological Flexibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
And Control

Background: Patients with spinal cord injuries suffer from some psychological problems, such as inadequate emotional regulation and flexibility for adapting to the post-injury condition. In this regard, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) can improve psychological flexibility and emotional regulation. Objectives: The main goal of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of ACT in improving psychological flexibility and emotional regulation in patients with spinal cord injuries. Methods: This quasi-experimental design study was based on a pretest-posttest method with a control group. The study population consisted of all patients with spinal cord injury referred to Jalaeipour Rehabilitation Center in Tehran. The study sample included 30 patients with spinal cord injury selected by the purposive sampling method. The inclusion criteria were patients aged 20 to 55 years, residing in Tehran, and with at least a high school diploma. The injury duration varied between one and five years, and the injuries were thoracic and lumbar injuries and an intermediate score of psychological flexibility and emotion regulation. The exclusion criteria were patients with cervical spinal cord injuries, as well as patients who were simultaneously receiving another psychological treatment together with the subjects who suffered from brain damage. Patients were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups based on random numbers. There were 15 patients in each group. The intervention group received ACT during eight sessions (1.5-hour group therapy) held once a week at Jalaeipour Rehabilitation Center in Tehran (2018), while the control group received routine care. Dennis and Vander Wal’s cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) and Gross and John’s emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) were completed before and one week after the intervention. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: There was a significant difference in demographic indicators between the two groups. Based on MANCOVA with the baseline score, the mean scores of psychological flexibility and emotion regulation had a significant difference regarding the results of ACT between the experimental and control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the findings, ACT can improve psychological flexibility and emotional regulation in patients with spinal cord injuries.

Cervical Cord-Canal Mismatch: A New Method for Identifying Predisposition to Spinal Cord Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aria Nouri ◽  
Julio Montejo ◽  
Xin Sun ◽  
Justin Virojanapa ◽  
Luis E. Kolb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
New Method ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Cord Injury

Ascending pathways in the spinal cord involved in the activation of subnucleus reticularis dorsalis neurons in the medulla of the rat

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Bing ◽  
L. Villanueva ◽  
D. Le Bars
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
C Fiber ◽  
Dorsal Columns ◽  
Dorsolateral Funiculus ◽  
The Right

1. Recordings were made from neurons in the left medullary subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) of anesthetized rats. Two populations of neurons were recorded: neurons with total nociceptive convergence (TNC), which gave responses to A delta- and C-fiber activation from the entire body after percutaneous electrical stimulation, and neurons with partial nociceptive convergence (PNC), which responded to identical stimuli with an A delta-peak regardless of which part of the body was stimulated and with a C-fiber peak of activation from some, mainly contralateral, parts of the body. 2. The effects of various, acute, transverse sections of the cervical (C4-C5) spinal cord on the A delta- and C-fiber-evoked responses were investigated by building poststimulus histograms (PSHs) after 50 trials of supramaximal percutaneous electrical stimulation of the extremity of either hindpaw (2-ms duration; 3 times threshold for C-fiber responses), before and 30-40 min after making the spinal lesion. 3. In the case of TNC neurons, hemisections of the left cervical cord blocked the responses elicited from the right hindpaw and slightly, but not significantly, diminished those evoked from the left hindpaw. Conversely, hemisections of the right cervical cord abolished TNC responses elicited from the left hindpaw without significantly affecting the responses elicited from the right hindpaw. 4. Lesioning the dorsal columns or the left dorsolateral funiculus was found not to affect the TNC neuronal responses elicited from either hindpaw. By contrast, lesioning the left lateral funiculus or the most lateral part of the ventrolateral funiculus, respectively, reduced and blocked the responses elicited from the right hindpaw without affecting those evoked from the left hindpaw. 5. After lesions that included the most lateral parts of the left ventral funiculus, PNC neuronal responses elicited from the right hindpaw were also abolished, whereas those elicited from the left hindpaw remained unchanged. 6. We conclude that the signals responsible for the activation of SRD neurons travel principally in the lateral parts of the ventrolateral quadrant, a region that classically has been implicated in the transmission of noxious information. Both a crossed and a double-crossed pathway are involved in this process. The postsynaptic fibers of the dorsal columns and the spinocervical and spinomesencephalic tracts do not appear to convey signals that activate SRD neurons. 7. The findings also suggest that lamina I nociceptive specific neurons, the axons of which travel within the dorsolateral funiculus, do not contribute very much to the activation of SRD neurons.

Sources of variation in myofibre number within and between litters of pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Dwyer ◽  
N. C. Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Acid Stable ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Secondary Fibre

ABSTRACTA study of the determinants of inter- and intra-litter variation in muscle fibre number was carried out on five litters of Large White piglets. Fresh frozen, whole mid-belly sections of m. semitendinosus were stained to demonstrate acid-stable myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity. From these sections it was possible to identify which fibres had developed as primary and which as secondary fibres. Estimations of total muscle fibre number, total primary fibre number and ratio of secondary fibres to primary fibres were made for each animal. Results demonstrated that primary fibre number varied between litters (P<0·01) and was responsible for the variation in total muscle fibre number (P < 005) between litters since there was no significant variation in secondary: primary ratio. Within-litter differences in total fibre number could be attributed to both the secondary: primary ratio and primary fibre number, in almost equal contributions. However, when only the largest and smallest extremes of the litters were compared, variation in fibre number was due to the significant difference in the secondary: primary ratio (P<0·01). Taken as a whole, the results appear to show that primary fibre number is responsible for all the variation in muscle fibre number between litters, and also makes a significant contribution, with secondary: primary fibre ratio, to the variation present within a litter. The factors responsible for variations in primary and secondary fibre numbers are discussed.

Somatotopic studies on red nucleus: spinal projection level and respective receptive fields

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Eccles ◽  
T. Rantucci ◽  
P. Scheid ◽  
H. Taborikova
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Interpositus Nucleus ◽  
Rubrospinal Tract ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Axonal Projections

The somatotopic inputs into red nucleus (RN) neurons have been studied with special reference to their level of projection in the spinal cord. As inputs we employed either volleys in predominantly cutaneous nerves of forelimb and hindlimb or cutaneous mechanoreceptor discharges evoked by taps to footpads of forelimb and hindlimb. There has been physiological confirmation of the anatomical findings that RD neurons projecting to the lumbar cord are located in the ventrolateral zone of the pars magnocellularis, whereas in the dorsomedial zone are RN neurons with cervical but not lumbar projection. Somatotopically there was found to be a differentiation of input to RN neurons according as they projected to the lumbar or only to the cervical cord. This finding was presented in the form both of tables and of somatotopic maps. As expected, this discrimination was more restrictive for the more selective inputs from pad taps than for nerve inputs. Nevertheless, forelimb inputs often had a considerable excitatory and inhibitory action on lumbar-projecting RN neurons, and vice versa for cervical-projecting neurons. There were two notable somatotopic findings that suggest specificities of connectivities. First, despite the large convergence of IP neurons onto RN neurons (about 50-fold), the degree of somatotopic discrimination was about the same for interpositus and RN neurons with two testing procedures: between inputs from forelimb and hindlimb; and between inputs from pads on one foot. Second, although there was in the interpositus nucleus a considerable topographical admixture of neurons with dominant forelimb or hindlimb inputs, the axonal projections of these neurons were apparently unscrambled on the way to the target RN neurons, so as to deliver the somatotopic specificities observed for two classes of RN neurons; those projecting down the spinal cord beyond L2 level, and those projecting to C2 but not L2. Finally, there is a general discussion of motor control with reference to the pathway; pars intermedia of anterior lobe of cerebellum leads to interpositus nucleus leads to red nucleus leads to rubrospinal tract leads to spinal motoneurons.

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