METABOLIC RESPONSE OF NUDE HUMAN SUBJECTS TO ACUTE EXPOSURE AT 10 °C

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Girling
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Group 1

Acute exposures to cold (10 °C) for up to 90 minutes were carried out in late April and early May on 10 unclothed healthy male subjects to follow their shivering responses, oxygen consumption, skin and oral temperatures. The 10 subjects divided into two groups with markedly different responses. Group 1 showed no increase in oxygen consumption for the initial 15 minutes of exposure. After 15 minutes the oxygen consumption increased by about 45% and appeared to be coincident with shivering. Group 2 showed an immediate increase in oxygen consumption on exposure, to about 45% above control values, and shivering in this group was delayed or absent. The difference between the two groups is explained on the basis of a greater degree of acclimatization to cold in the subjects of group 2. It is suggested that the immediate increase in oxygen consumption in group 2 is triggered by a greater initial rate of heat loss in this group.

scholarly journals Comparison of Peak Oxygen Consumption During Exercise Testing Between Sexes Among Children and Adolescents in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Hui Tuan ◽  
Guan-Bo Chen ◽  
Chia-Hsin Chen ◽  
Yi-Jen Chen ◽  
I-Hsiu Liou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Impedance Method ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Social Expectation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: Studies among Western children have observed that the peak oxygen consumption (peak V˙O2) of boys is higher than that of girls, and this difference increases as children progress through adolescence. However, the maturation process and social expectation toward Eastern boys and girls are much different from their Western counterparts. This study aimed to provide baseline information on cardiopulmonary fitness (CRF) of Taiwanese children and adolescents in relation to age and sex. We also evaluated the correlation between body mass and CRF and compared the CRF between non-obese and overweight/obese children.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of children and adolescents aged 4–18 years in Taiwan. Participants were classified into four groups based on age (group 1, aged 4–6; group 2, aged 7–9; group 3, aged 10–13; and group 4, aged 14–18 years). All participants completed symptom-limited exercise test by treadmill and anthropometric measurements through bioelectrical impedance method.Results: In total, 897 (448 men, 449 women) participants were analyzed. Boys had higher peak V˙O2 (all p < 0.01) and peak metabolic equivalent (MET, all p < 0.05) than girls in all the four groups. Age significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with peak V˙O2 in all participants, boys, and girls, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9349, 0.9433, and 0.9085, respectively. The peak V˙O2 (all p < 0.001) of all the groups and peak MET (all p < 0.05) of group 2–4 associated with BMI and FMI modestly to moderately. Non-obese children had higher peak MET in group 1 (p = 0.049) and group 2–4 (all p < 0.001) than overweight/obese children significantly.Conclusions: The difference in peak V˙O2 and anthropometry–body composition between sexes was observed earlier in children in Taiwan than those in Western countries. Non-obese children had better CRF than overweight/obese children and the difference presented since preschool age.

ACUTE EXPOSURE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO AN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF 10 °C

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Hurley ◽  
E. D. L. Topliff ◽  
F. Girling
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Cold Acclimatization ◽  
Seasonal Acclimatization ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Acute exposures to cold (10 °C) for 1 hour were carried out in early April on five unclothed healthy male subjects to follow their shivering responses, oxygen consumption, ventilation, skin and oral temperatures. Exposure to the cold resulted in immediate (within 5 minutes) and sustained increases in oxygen consumption, ventilation, and heat production. These subjects did not show generalized shivering, however, until after 30 minutes of exposure, even though short bursts of shivering were noted before this time. The immediate increase in heat production without shivering is indicative of a non-shivering thermogenesis which may be the result of cold-acclimatization in these subjects. Seasonal acclimatization would be maximal at the time of year during which the experiments were carried out.

Administration of Single-Dose Antibiotic Does Not Decrease Oronasal Fistula Rates After Primary Palatoplasty

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562199265
Author(s):  
Ishwarya Shradha Mamidi ◽  
Esperanza Mantilla-Rivas ◽  
Brynne A. Ichiuji ◽  
Md Sohel Rana ◽  
Karen I. Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Oronasal Fistula ◽  
Inadequate Sample Size ◽  
Perioperative Antibiotics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
National Databases ◽  
Group 1

Objective: Oronasal fistula (ONF) is a known complication after primary palatoplasty (PP). Studies investigating the effect of perioperative antibiotics on fistula rates after PP are limited by inadequate sample size or reliance on self-reporting through national databases. In this study, the authors evaluated the association between single-dose perioperative antibiotics and postoperative fistula rates after PP at a single institution. Design: A retrospective study. Participants: Children younger than 2 years who underwent PP from April 2009 to September 2019 were included. Interventions: Patients were divided into 2 categories: Group 1 received a single intraoperative dose of IV antibiotic, while group 2 did not. Main Outcome Measure(s): Outcome measures included ONF formation, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day readmission rates. Multivariable firth logistic regression, quantile regression, and χ2 tests were performed. Results: Of the 424 patients, 215 and 209 patients were in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The overall ONF rate was 1.9% among all patients. Patients in group 1 experienced an ONF rate of 3.3%, while patients in group 2 had an ONF rate of 0.5%. After correcting for confounding variables, the difference in ONF rates was not statistically different ( P = .68). Median LOS was 35.7 hours and 35.5 hours ( P = .17), while the rate of readmission within 30 days was 4.7% and 2.4% for group 1 and 2, respectively ( P = .96). Conclusions: Administration of a single-dose perioperative antibiotic did not decrease fistula formation after PP, nor did it affect the patient’s LOS or 30-day readmission rate.

A volumetric three-dimensional evaluation of invasiveness of an endoscopic and microscopic approach for transmeatal visualisation of the middle ear

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
A H A Baazil ◽  
J G G Dobbe ◽  
E van Spronsen ◽  
F A Ebbens ◽  
F G Dikkers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Endoscopic Approach ◽  
Microscopic Approach ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Objective This study aimed to compare the necessary scutum defect for transmeatal visualisation of middle-ear landmarks between an endoscopic and microscopic approach. Method Human cadaveric heads were used. In group 1, middle-ear landmarks were visualised by endoscope (group 1 endoscopic approach) and subsequently by microscope (group 1 microscopic approach following endoscopy). In group 2, landmarks were visualised solely microscopically (group 2 microscopic approach). The amount of resected bone was evaluated via computed tomography scans. Results In the group 1 endoscopic approach, a median of 6.84 mm3 bone was resected. No statistically significant difference (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.163, U = 49.000) was found between the group 1 microscopic approach following endoscopy (median 17.84 mm3) and the group 2 microscopic approach (median 20.08 mm3), so these were combined. The difference between the group 1 endoscopic approach and the group 1 microscopic approach following endoscopy plus group 2 microscopic approach (median 18.16 mm3) was statistically significant (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001, U = 18.000). Conclusion This study showed that endoscopic transmeatal visualisation of middle-ear landmarks preserves more of the bony scutum than a microscopic transmeatal approach.

Pro- and macroglycogenolysis: relationship with exercise intensity and duration

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Graham ◽  
K. B. Adamo ◽  
J. Shearer ◽  
I. Marchand ◽  
B. Saltin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Muscle Biopsies ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Group 1

We examined the net catabolism of two pools of glycogen, proglycogen (PG) and macroglycogen (MG), in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Male subjects ( n = 21) were assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 exercised 45 min at 70% maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max) and had muscle biopsies at rest, 15 min, and 45 min. Group 2 exercised at 85%V˙o 2 max to exhaustion (45.4 ± 3.4 min) and had biopsies at rest, 10 min, and exhaustion. Group 3 performed three 3-min bouts of exercise at 100%V˙o 2 max separated by 6 min of rest. Biopsies were taken at rest and after each bout. Group 1 had small MG and PG net glycogenolysis rates (ranging from 3.8 ± 1.0 to 2.4 ± 0.6 mmol glucosyl units · kg−1 · min−1) that did not change over time. In group 2, the MG glycogenolysis rate remained low and unchanged over time, whereas the PG rate was initially elevated (11.3 ± 2.3 mmol glucosyl units · kg−1 · min−1) and declined ( P ≤ 0.05) with time. During the first 10 min, PG concentration ([PG]) declined ( P ≤ 0.05), whereas MG concentration ([MG]) did not. Similarly, in group 3, in both the first and the second bouts of exercise [PG] declined ( P ≤ 0.05) and [MG] did not, although by the end of the second exercise period the [MG] was lower ( P ≤ 0.05) than the rest level. The net catabolic rates for PG in the first two exercises were 22.6 ± 6.8 and 21.8 ± 8.2 mmol glucosyl units · kg−1 · min−1, whereas the corresponding values for MG were 17.6 ± 6.0 and 10.8 ± 5.6. The MG pool appeared to be more resistant to mobilization, and, when activated, its catabolism was inhibited more rapidly than that of PG. This suggests that the metabolic regulation of the two pools must be different.

scholarly journals Neuropsychological development of children with biliary atresia after liver transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
A. V. Syrkina ◽  
I. E. Pashkova ◽  
A. R. Monakhov ◽  
O. V. Silina ◽  
E. V. Chekletsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Biliary Atresia ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Neuropsychological Development ◽  
One Stage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background. In young children, the most common liver disease leading to transplantation is biliary atresia. Liver transplantation has fundamentally improved the survival rate of children with biliary atresia. Studies on developmental outcomes in children are mostly limited to small samples; there are no such studies in the Russian Federation.Objective: to determine the cognitive outcomes in children undergoing one-stage or two-stage surgical treatment of biliary atresia.Materials and Methods. 83 children were divided into groups: 36 children underwent transplantation without previous surgical interventions (group 1), 47 children underwent the Kasai palliative portoenterostomy (group 2). Inclusion criteria: 24 months of age or younger at the moment of transplantation, no medical history of neurological pathology. All children were examined before transplantation and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after liver transplantation. Psychomotor development was assessed using the Griffiths Psychomotor Development Scale for children under 24 months (translated by E.S. Keshishian), the Griffiths Intellectual Development Scale for children aged 2 to 8 years, and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised, for children 16-30 months old.Results. All children had developmental delays at the time of transplantation. Up to 50% of the children had signs of cachexia, with a shoulder circumference of less than 3 percentile. Only two children showed obvious hepatic encephalopathy in the form of depressed consciousness. After liver transplantation, 94% of group 1 children recovered their preoperative psychomotor development levels, and only 68% in group 2 made these gains. At 3 and 6 months after transplantation, about 80% of group 1 children showed normal psychomotor development, whereas in group 2, only 61% did. By 12 months after liver transplantation, the difference between the groups was more evident: 83.3% of group 1 children and only 53.2% of group 2 children were developing according to age. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05).Conclusion. Children who received one-stage treatment of biliary atresia and underwent liver transplantation have better neuropsychological development within a year after surgery than children with two-stage surgical treatment.

scholarly journals Accelerated versus conventional Ponseti protocol for the treatment of idiopathic talipes equinovarus deformity: A short term follow up in Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 473-479
Author(s):  
Jagar Doski ◽  
Berivan Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Ponseti Method ◽  
Congenital Talipes Equinovarus ◽  
Talipes Equinovarus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Congenital Talipes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Accelerated Protocol ◽  
Group 1

Background and objective: The accelerated protocol of Ponseti method was suggested to shorten the period of treatment of the conventional one for the cases of talipes equinovarus deformity. This study aimed to compare the accelerated protocol of Ponseti method in the treatment of clubfoot deformity with the conventional one. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted for infants less than six months with congenital talipes equinovarus deformity. The patients were randomized to either Group 1 (casts changed every week, conventional protocol of Ponseti method) or Group 2 (twice weekly, accelerated one). Pirani score was used to assess the severity of the deformity at presentation, at time of last cast removal, and at the last follow up visit (6th months). Results: The patients included were 48 cases with 79 feet. Group 1 (39 clubfeet) had a mean Pirani score of 5.6 (± 1.15) at presentation, which dropped to 0.47 (± 0.41) when the last cast was removed. In Group 2 (40 clubfeet), it dropped from 5.57 (± 0.83) to 0.77 (± 0.01). The result of each treatment protocol was significant, but the difference between them was not significant. Five cases (three patients aged more than three months) of Group 2 needed eight casts to reach an acceptable position of correction. The difference between the mean number of casts applied in Group 1 (5.09) and Group 2 (5.82) was statistically not significant. However, the difference between the mean number of days spent in the cast was significant. The complications occurred in 12 out of 79 feet, with no statistically significant difference between both groups. Conclusion: The accelerated protocol of Ponseti method for treating clubfoot deformity is as effective and as safe as the conventional one. It shortens the time required to complete the treatment program. Those who present lately (beyond the age of three months) may require an additional number of casts. Keywords: Clubfoot; Congenital talipes equinovarus; Ponseti; Accelerated; Cast.

scholarly journals The Impact of Switching from Short-Term Teriparatide Treatment to Denosumab Therapy Compared with Denosumab Alone for Patients with Osteoporotic Hip Fracture: A 1-Year Follow-up Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Ho Park ◽  
Jun-Il Yoo ◽  
Chang Hyun Choi ◽  
You-Sung Suh
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
T Score ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background: Switching the prescription from bone-forming medication to resorptive agents is reportedly effective for patients with severe osteoporosis. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of implementing short-term teriparatide (TPTD) intervention before denosumab (DMab) therapy compared with DMab therapy alone for 1 year after hip fracture.Methods: TPTD was administered to 24 patients for an average of 12.1 weeks after which the intervention was switched to DMab therapy for 12 months (group 1). DMab alone was administered to 16 patients for 12 months (group 2). Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated before and after treatment at the 1-year follow-up. The improvement of BMD and T-score in hip and spine was compared with the levels of bone turnover marker.Results: The difference of hip BMD after osteoporosis treatment was -0.0081±0.03 in group 1 and 0.0074±0.04 in group 2 (p=0.180). The difference of spine BMD was 0.0819±0.04 in group 1 and 0.0145±0.03 in group 2 (p<0.001). BMD and T-score of the spine improved significantly in groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in C-terminal telopeptide and osteocalcin level. Conclusion: Short-term TPTD administration followed by DMab alone was effective only in improving spine BMD. Short-term treatment with TPTD caused mild improvement in femur neck BMD compared with DMab alone. However, further research with a longer duration of TPTD treatment is warranted, as our findings lack statistical significance.

scholarly journals The difference in outcome of patients with open inguinal hernia repair by using delayed absorbable sutures instead of non-absorbable sutures for mesh fixation

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Ali G. Mohammed Redha ◽  
Adil A. Jaber ◽  
Aqeel M. Nasser
Keyword(s):  
Hernia Repair ◽  
Mesh Fixation ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
P Value ◽  
Absorbable Sutures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
One Year ◽  
Group 1

Background: Different methods are found for mesh fixation in inguinal hernioplasty both open and laparoscopic. In open technique, sutures have been the method of choice for their reduced costs and surgeons’ habits. Whether absorbable instead of non-absorbable sutures can be used still a matter of debate in view of hernia recurrence and post-operative complications.Methods: This is a prospective done on 158 male patients with uncomplicated unilateral inguinal hernias. Two groups of 69 patients were evaluated after periods up to 1 year after open hernioplasty by using delayed absorbable sutures in one group (group 1) and non-absorbable sutures in the other group (group 2) for fixation of mesh.Results: In spite of a noticeable reduction in complication in the group 1 in term of number and percentage when compared with group 2 mainly chronic pain, there is no significant difference (p value>0.05). However, these results are associated with zero recurrence in both groups during a period of one year follow up.Conclusions: Delayed absorbable sutures are good alternative of non-absorbable sutures in open mesh hernia repair associated with less complications and almost no increase in chance of recurrence.  

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS AND STEP AEROBICS ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN FIRST-YEAR FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS NOT RELATED TO SPORT

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Avdeeva ◽  
T Belicheva
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
University Students ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
First Year ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim. The article deals with establishing the effect of step aerobics and artistic gymnastics on physical performance in first year female university students. Materials and methods. 80 full-time female university students participated in the study. The first group practiced artistic gymnastics (Group 1, n = 40), the second group (Group 2, n = 40) – step aerobics. The mean age was 18.35 ± 0.04 years. In September and December 2017, their physical development, physical fitness, physical performance, respiratory and cardiovascular systems were assessed based on standard procedures using the data of maximum oxygen consumption and the step test. Results. At the beginning of the experiments, there were no statistically significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2. The mean maximum oxygen consumption values corresponded to satisfactory performance (39.85 ± 0.37 – Group 1, 38.92 ± 0.42 – Group 2, р = 0.1). At the end of the experiment, there were statistically significant differences in terms of the mean maximum oxygen consumption: 40.73 ± 0.21 – Group 1 and 41.61 ± 0.21 – Group 2. The results of the ranking showed that the majority of participants demonstrated an increase in physical performance. Group 1 showed an increase in the standing long jump, Group 2 improved 2000 m running time and the standing long jump. Group 2 also demonstrated a decrease in heart rate and an increase in adaptation capacities. Conclusion. The lessons of artistic gymnastics during a semester do not influence significantly physical performance but improve speed-strength characteristics. Step aerobics influences positively physical performance, speed-strength characteristics, and the cardio­vascular system in first-year female university students not related to sport.

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