MAINTENANCE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES IN VITRO: II. CHANGES IN MUSCLE AND OVARY CARBOHYDRATES

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1673-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Vitamin Mixture

The possibility of using carbohydrate determinations to assess the nutritional state of the intestinal nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides, is discussed and investigated. For fresh material the following mean values and standard deviations were found: muscle glycogen (I) 14.8 ± 2.5 g%, muscle trehalose (II) 1.11 ± 0.35 g%, ovary glycogen (III) 7.2 ± 0.6 g%, and ovary trehalose (IV) 0.27 ± 0.13 g%. A single replication of a 3 × 25 design, with confounding, was used to study the effects of 1, 2, and 3 days in vitro together with N2 versus 5% O2 and the presence and absence in the keeping medium of 14 mM NH4+, 0.2% glucose, a vitamin mixture, and an amino acid mixture. None of these substances affected the drop to 11.0 g% which occurred in I on the first day and only glucose showed a highly significant sparing action which was manifest on the second and third day. Glucose also had a significant sparing action with III but mainly on the third day. Highly significant decreases occurred in both II and IV on the second day.

MAINTENANCE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES IN VITRO: II. CHANGES IN MUSCLE AND OVARY CARBOHYDRATES

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1673-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Vitamin Mixture

The possibility of using carbohydrate determinations to assess the nutritional state of the intestinal nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides, is discussed and investigated. For fresh material the following mean values and standard deviations were found: muscle glycogen (I) 14.8 ± 2.5 g%, muscle trehalose (II) 1.11 ± 0.35 g%, ovary glycogen (III) 7.2 ± 0.6 g%, and ovary trehalose (IV) 0.27 ± 0.13 g%. A single replication of a 3 × 25 design, with confounding, was used to study the effects of 1, 2, and 3 days in vitro together with N2 versus 5% O2 and the presence and absence in the keeping medium of 14 mM NH4+, 0.2% glucose, a vitamin mixture, and an amino acid mixture. None of these substances affected the drop to 11.0 g% which occurred in I on the first day and only glucose showed a highly significant sparing action which was manifest on the second and third day. Glucose also had a significant sparing action with III but mainly on the third day. Highly significant decreases occurred in both II and IV on the second day.

scholarly journals Dietary amino acids: effect of depletion and recovery on synthesis in vitro in rat skeletal muscle and liver

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Omstedt ◽  
Alexandra Von Der Decken
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Amino Acid Mixtures ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Ribosomal Activity

1. Rats were given diets containing 200 g/kg of a complete or incomplete amino acid mixture or of high- or low-quality proteins. After 6 d the amino acid-incorporating activity of ribosomes from skeletal muscle and liver was studied.2. The level of isotope incorporation relative to ribosomal RNA was similar for casein supplemented with methionine and for a complete amino acid mixture with the composition of whole-egg protein. Per wet weight of tissue there was a significant decrease after feeding with the complete amino acid mixture.3. There was a significant decrease in activity after feeding with amino acid mixtures deficient in lysine, methionine or tryptophan. In skeletal muscle, but not in liver, the ribosomal activity was less than that obtained with wheat gluten. Activity per wet weight of both tissues was less than that obtained with wheat gluten.4. Refeeding with methionine for 1 d resulted in complete restoration of ribosomal activity and activity per wet weight in skeletal muscle.5. After lysine deficiency, protein synthesis per unit wet weight of both tissues and ribosomal activity in liver were not restored after 2 d of refeeding. Recovery of ribosomal activity in skeletal muscle was complete after 1 d.6. Rats receiving the 200 g casein/kg diet supplemented with methionine at daily energy levels of 263, 176, 141 and 106 KJ (62.6, 42.1, 33.7 and 25.3 kcal) showed no changes in ribosomal activity, but there was a significant decrease in activity per wet weight when 106 KJ were given.

Evidence for Active Transport of the Dipeptide Carnosine (β-Alanyl-l-Histidine) by Hamster Jejunum in Vitro

1974 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Matthews ◽  
Jill M. Addison ◽  
D. Burston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Total Uptake ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. The characteristics of intestinal transport and hydrolysis of carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) have been studied in rings of everted hamster jejunum in vitro. 2. During incubation with carnosine, large amounts of intact peptide appeared in the intestinal wall, accompanied by small amounts of the constituent amino acids in the free form. Although there was some extracellular hydrolysis, the free amino acids appearing in the intestinal wall were almost entirely derived from intracellular hydrolysis of the peptide. Incubation in l-alanyl-l-histidine resulted in uptake of the constituent amino acids in the free form without appearance of intact peptide in the intestinal wall. 3. Total uptake of β-alanine (both peptide-bound and free) and total uptake of histidine were greater from a low concentration (1 μmol/ml) of carnosine than uptake of these amino acids from the equivalent amino acid mixture. At a high concentration of carnosine (20 μmol/ml), total uptake of β-alanine was greater from the peptide than from the equivalent amino acid mixture but total uptake of histidine was less. At this concentration, total uptake of β-alanine plus total uptake of histidine from the peptide was approximately the same as from the amino acid mixture. 4. Uptake of carnosine by jejunal rings was the result of a saturable process (Kt 9·4 μmol/ml, Vmax. 2·7 μmol g−1 initial wet wt. min−1). Intact carnosine was concentrated in the intestinal wall, the concentration ratio between intracellular fluid and incubation medium being up to 3·4/1. Uptake of carnosine was reduced by anoxia, metabolic inhibitors and replacement of medium Na+. Na+-dependent active transport was shown to be involved in uptake of carnosine by hamster jejunum in vitro.

Carbachol modulates GIP-mediated insulin release from rat pancreatic lobules in vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (3) ◽  
pp. E299-E303
Author(s):  
A. J. McCullough ◽  
J. B. Marshall ◽  
C. P. Bingham ◽  
B. L. Rice ◽  
L. D. Manning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Biological Action ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Physiological Concentration ◽  
Cholinergic Mechanism

Rat pancreatic lobules were used to investigate the interaction of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), carbachol, glucose, and an amino acid mixture on insulin secretion. At 5 mM glucose, GIP (1.1 ng/ml) did not augment insulin secretion in the presence or absence of carbachol (5 X 10(-5)M) during a 210-min incubation. However, at 11 mM glucose, GIP did augment insulin secretion in the presence (342.5 +/- 62.0 vs. 212.5 +/- 50.5 microU . ml-1 . mg tissue-1, mean +/- SE; P less than 0.01) but not the absence (217.0 +/- 45.5 vs. 205.8 +/- 35.0 microU . ml-1 . mg tissue-1) of carbachol. During subsequent 30-min incubations, GIP was increased to a supra-physiological concentration of 11 ng/ml and again augmented insulin secretion with (65.8 +/- 10.8 vs. 27.8 +/- 2.4 microU . ml-1 . mg tissue-1 . h-1; P less than 0.001) but not without (37.2 +/- 1.8 vs. 30.2 +/- 2 microU . ml-1 . mg-1 tissue-1 . h-1) carbachol present. This GIP-mediated insulin secretion was blocked by atropine (34.8 to 1.8 vs. 37.6 +/- 1.6 microU . ml-1 . mg tissue-1 . h-1). At amino acid concentrations of 21 and 211 mM, but not 2.1 mM, GIP augmented insulin release but again only with carbachol present. In conclusion, porcine GIP augments amino acid as well as glucose-mediated insulin secretion in vitro. Furthermore, this biological action is dependent on an, as yet, unidentified cholinergic mechanism. The pathophysiological significance of the neural-hormonal interaction deserves further investigation.

scholarly journals Influence of vitamin D3 deficiency and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on de novo insulin biosynthesis in the islets of the rat endocrine pancreas

1999 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Bourlon ◽  
B Billaudel ◽  
A Faure-Dussert
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Glucose Stimulation ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Vitamin D3 Deficiency

Because 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is known to activate the biosynthesis of numerous proteins in various tissues, experiments were undertaken to compare the influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 in vitro on both the secretion and biosynthesis of insulin in islets of Langerhans from both 4-week vitamin D3-deficient rats and normal rats. Islets were either incubated or perifused after a 6-h induction period in the presence of various concentrations of 1, 25(OH)2D3 from 10(-12) M, which was inactive in controls, to 10(-6) M. Experiments were performed in the presence of a non-labelled amino acid mixture, to favour protein synthesis. Tritiated tyrosine was added as tracer during glucose stimulation. The newly synthesised proteins, labelled with [3H]tyrosine, were extracted by an acid-alcohol method and separated by gel chromatography adapted for low-molecular-weight proteins. Even in the presence of the amino acid mixture, the insulin response of the islets to 16.7 mM glucose was decreased by vitamin D3 deficiency and improved by 1,25(OH)2D3. This beneficial effect did not occur in basal conditions, but only during glucose stimulation, and was observed in both phases of insulin release. Moreover, these effects disappeared in the presence of 5x10(-4 )M cycloheximide, a protein biosynthesis inhibitor. Islets from vitamin D3-deficient rats exhibited a general decrease in the amount of de novo biosynthesised proteins and of [3H]tyrosine-labelled insulin and proinsulin fractions. A 6-h period of 1,25(OH)2D3 induction significantly improved the amount of de novo biosynthesised proteins, and particularly of newly synthesised insulin in response to a 2-h glucose stimulation. Calculation of the rate of conversion of newly synthesised proinsulin-like material to insulin as the [3H]insulin/[3H]proinsulin-like material ratio provided evidence for a dose-dependent increase, induced by 1, 25(OH)2D3, that could exceed that of normal islets. These data support the hypothesis that 1,25(OH)2D3 in vitro not only facilitated the biosynthetic capacity of the beta cell - which was highly induced during a 16.7-mM glucose stimulation, via a global activation of islets protein biosynthesis - but also produced an acceleration of the conversion of proinsulin to insulin.

An open-label, single-center pilot study to test the effects of an amino acid mixture in older patients admitted to internal medicine wards

Nutrition ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 110588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bellanti ◽  
Aurelio Lo Buglio ◽  
Elena Di Stasio ◽  
Giorgia di Bello ◽  
Rosanna Tamborra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Internal Medicine Wards

Choosing A Balanced Amino Acid Mixture

1970 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture

scholarly journals Effect of co-ingestion of amino acids with rice on glycaemic and insulinaemic response

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1845-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yean Yean Soong ◽  
Joseph Lim ◽  
Lijuan Sun ◽  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Amino Acid Mixtures

AbstractConsumption of high glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic response (GR) food such as white rice has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have reported the ability of individual amino acids to reduce GR of carbohydrate-rich foods. Because of the bitter flavour of amino acids, they have rarely been used to reduce GR. We now report the use of a palatable, preformed amino acid mixture in the form of essence of chicken. In all, sixteen healthy male Chinese were served 68 or 136 ml amino acid mixture together with rice, or 15 or 30 min before consumption of white rice. Postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured at fasting and every 15 min after consumption of the meal until 60 min after the consumption of the white rice. Subsequent blood samples were taken at 30-min intervals until 210 min. The co-ingestion of 68 ml of amino acid mixture with white rice produced the best results in reducing the peak blood glucose and GR of white rice without increasing the insulinaemic response. It is postulated that amino acid mixtures prime β-cell insulin secretion and peripheral tissue uptake of glucose. The use of ready-to-drink amino acid mixtures may be a useful strategy for lowering the high-GI rice diets consumed in Asia.

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