INFLUENCE OF VARIATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF RESERPINE AND CHLORPROMAZINE IN MICE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Dandiya ◽  
Gordon Johnson ◽  
E. A. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maintain Body Temperature

The acute toxicity of chlorpromazine in mice is 18 times higher in an environment of 4 °C than in a thermoneutral environment of 30 °C. Under similar conditions the acute toxicity of reserpine increases about 1200 times. These findings confirm the earlier suggestion that these drugs cause hypothermia by different mechanisms of action. Increased acute toxicity of these drugs was also noticed at a higher temperature (36 °C).At 4 °C, after chlorpromazine, death occurred earlier than after reserpine. Reserpine produced a transient increase in oxygen consumption (in rats) which helped maintain body temperature but resulted in a more rapid loss of heat from the body. This would explain the difference in time of death and might explain the difference in ultimate mortality between the animals treated with these two drugs.

INFLUENCE OF VARIATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF RESERPINE AND CHLORPROMAZINE IN MICE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Dandiya ◽  
Gordon Johnson ◽  
E. A. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maintain Body Temperature

The acute toxicity of chlorpromazine in mice is 18 times higher in an environment of 4 °C than in a thermoneutral environment of 30 °C. Under similar conditions the acute toxicity of reserpine increases about 1200 times. These findings confirm the earlier suggestion that these drugs cause hypothermia by different mechanisms of action. Increased acute toxicity of these drugs was also noticed at a higher temperature (36 °C).At 4 °C, after chlorpromazine, death occurred earlier than after reserpine. Reserpine produced a transient increase in oxygen consumption (in rats) which helped maintain body temperature but resulted in a more rapid loss of heat from the body. This would explain the difference in time of death and might explain the difference in ultimate mortality between the animals treated with these two drugs.

The Swimming Energetics of Trout

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Difference

1. The oxygen consumption of rainbow trout was measured at a variety of subfatigue swimming speeds, at a temperature of 15 %C. Five groups of fish were used, a control group and four groups with extra drag loads attached to the body. 2. The logarithm of oxygen consumption was linearly related to swimming speed in all five groups, the slope of the relationship increasing with the size of the extra drag load. The mean standard rate of oxygen consumption was 72.5 mg O2/kg wet weight/h. The active rate of oxygen consumption was highest for the control group (628 mg O2/kg/h) and fell with increasing size of the attached drag load. The active rate for the control group was high in comparison with other salmonid fish, and in comparison with the value expected for the fish. This was not a result of the extra drag loads in the other groups. No explanation for this high value can be found. 3. The critical swimming speed for a 60 min test period was 58.1 cm/sec (2.0 body lengths/sec) for the control group. The values for the critical swimming speeds were slightly higher than those measured for the same species in a previous paper (Webb, 1971). The difference between the two sets of critical swimming speeds is attributed to seasonal changes in swimming performance. 4. The aerobic efficiency was found to reach values of 14.5-15.5% based on the energy released by aerobic metabolism in comparison with the calculated required thrust. 5. The anaerobic contribution to the total energy budget in increasing-velocity tests is considered to be small, and can be neglected. 6. It is concluded that the efficiency of the muscle system in cruising will be approximately 17-20% over the upper 80% of the cruising-speed range, while the caudal propeller efficiency will increase from about 15-75 % over the same range. 7. Consideration of the efficiency values for the caudal propeller calculated here, and those predicted by Lighthill's (1969) model of fish propulsion, suggest that the efficiency of the propeller system will reach an optimum value at the maximum cruising speeds of most fish, and will remain close to this value at spring speeds.

EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY ON THE CHEQUERED WATER-SNAKE, NATRIX PISCATOR

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. THAPLIYAL ◽  
S. C. GUPTA ◽  
R. K. GARG
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Water Snake ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Temperature

SUMMARY Thyroidectomy decreased the body weight and the height of the cells lining the sex-segment of the kidney of the Chequered Water-snake, Natrix piscator maintained at 30 °C; at 40 °C the liver, kidney and gonad were also affected. At the higher temperature, thyroidectomy influenced significantly protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. At 30 °C, only a decrease in the rate of esterification of the free fatty acids in the liver and of their release from the adipose tissue was observed. The difference in the effect of thyroidectomy at 30 and 40 °C is explained by suggesting that thyroid activity was low in animals maintained at the lower temperature and high in those kept at the higher temperature.

scholarly journals Common metabolic constraints on dive duration in endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Hayward ◽  
Mariela Pajuelo ◽  
Catherine G. Haase ◽  
David M. Anderson ◽  
James F. Gillooly
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mass Dependence ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Dive duration in air-breathing vertebrates is thought to be constrained by the volume of oxygen stored in the body and the rate at which it is consumed (i.e., “o xygen store/usage hypothesis” ). The body mass-dependence of dive duration among endothermic vertebrates is largely supportive of this model, but previous analyses of ectothermic vertebrates show no such body mass-dependence. Here we show that dive duration in both endotherms and ectotherms largely support the oxygen store/usage hypothesis after accounting for the well-established effects of temperature on oxygen consumption rates. Analyses of the body mass and temperature dependence of dive duration in 181 species of endothermic vertebrates and 29 species of ectothermic vertebrates show that dive duration increases as a power law with body mass, and decreases exponentially with increasing temperature. Thus, in the case of ectothermic vertebrates, changes in environmental temperature will likely impact the foraging ecology of divers.

scholarly journals X.—On the Economy of Heat in Expansive Machines, forming the Fifth Section of a Paper On the Mechanical Action of Heat

1853 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
William John Macquorn Rankine
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Original Volume ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Quantity Of Heat

(39.) A machine working by expansive power consists essentially of a portion of some substance to which heat is communicated, so as to expand it, at a higher temperature, being abstracted from it, so as to condense it to its original volume, at a lower temperature. The quantity of heat given out by the substance is less than the quantity received; the difference disappearing as heat to appear in the form of expansive power.The heat originally received by the working body may act in two ways: to raise its temperature, and to expand it. The heat given out may also act in two ways: to lower the temperature, and to contract the body. Now, as the conversion of heat into expansive power arises from changes of volume only, and not from changes of temperature, it is obvious, that the proportion of the heat received which is converted into expansive power will be the greatest possible, when the reception of heat, and its emission, each take place at a constant temperature.

A Mathematical Model of Some Aspects of Fish Growth, Respiration, and Mortality

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2355-2453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Ursin
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Growth Respiration ◽  
The Difference

A simple metabolic model describing growth as the difference between what enters the body and what leaves it, is elaborated assuming that synthetic processes (the building-up, the anabolism) are consuming energy supplied by processes of decomposition (the break-down, the catabolism). This leads to partitioning total catabolism into two components, one being a function of the rate of synthesis, another keeping the body functioning independently of synthesis. The rate of synthesis is described as a function of food taken, of the efficiencies of digestion and energy conversion, and of the absorbing surface of the intestine. Catabolic processes are supposed to be functions of the oxygen concentration in the water, the absorbing surface of the gills, and the rate of oxygen transport. Both kinds of processes are made functions of temperature in the way enzymatic processes usually are. Assuming that molecular interactions accidentally go wrong makes natural mortality, like growth, a function of the rates of anabolic and catabolic processes and body size.Application of the model to data of length-at-age, food and oxygen consumption, weight loss, gill area, and natural mortality indicates that at least some of the main hypotheses cannot be rejected on available evidence.

Mineralogical data on a multiple intrusion in the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex

1984 ◽  
Vol 48 (349) ◽  
pp. 469-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Davies ◽  
R. G. Cawtnorn
Keyword(s):  
Bushveld Complex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Chemical Data ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The North ◽  
Trace Element Chemistry ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North Western

AbstractMineralogical and chemical data are presented on an intrusion of a hypersthene gabbro body into coarse-grained noritic cumulates of the critical zone, which occurs at the margin of the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex. Two types of contact relations are found between the above two rock suites: (1) a clearly cross-cutting contact is observed on the southern margin of the hypersthene gabbro body close to the interface between the layered suite and the floor rocks; (2) a diffuse heterogeneous contact is found on the north-western limb of the body which is further into the complex. Field observations and chemical data suggest that, at the time of the hypersthene gabbro injection, the surrounding cumulates were above ambient temperatures. The difference in the contacts described above is probably related to the prevailing temperature gradient at the time of emplacement. The cumulate rocks further into the complex were at a higher temperature than those closer to the margin.Trace element chemistry and phase relations in the basalt tetrahedron indicate that the hypersthene gabbro is genetically unrelated to the cumulate rocks which it intrudes. The body probably represents an offshoot of the magma from which the upper zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite crystallized.

Molting and Respiration of Euphausiids

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1229-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu A. Paranjape
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Temperature Relation ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
The Difference

Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoëssa spinifera, T. raschii, T. longipes (unspined form), and Tessarabrachion oculatus molted at 4- to 6-day intervals at 11 to 15 C. The average dry weight of the molts of the first three species was 5.92–9.39% of the animal's final dry weight, and the organic fraction ranged from 73 to 83% of the dry weight of the molts. The oxygen consumption of E. pacifica at 5, 10, 15, and 20 C was directly proportional to the body weight. The slopes of the regression lines were near unity at all temperatures and the difference between the regression coefficients was not significant statistically. The respiration–temperature relation of E. pacifica suggested its eurythermic character. The Q10 value was 2.21 between 5 and 10 C and increased to 2.55 between 10 and 15 C. The Q10 value apparently did not increase with increase in body size. The upper limit of temperature tolerance for the observed population of E. pacifica was close to 20 C. On the day of molting, oxygen consumption of E. pacifica increased by an average of 34.2%. Feeding decreased on the day before and on the day of molting and increased after molting. At 15 C, a daily food intake of 0.022 mg carbon per milligram dry body weight would be required to match the respiratory loss and the loss of integument during the molt.

scholarly journals Post-Mortem Estimation of Time of Death of Dogs Based on Measurements of Kidney Temperature in Comparison with Rectal Temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Listos ◽  
Magdalena Gryzinska ◽  
Jacek Piorkowski ◽  
Grzegorz Teresinski ◽  
Grzegorz Buszewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
Weight Groups

AbstractThe subject of the study were dogs divided into two groups according to body weight: up to 10 kg and from 10 kg to 30 kg. The aim of the study was to determine the dynamics of the post-mortem decrease in rectal and kidney temperature. The temperature was measured on both sites at the same time using a thermometer connected to a computer, under constant environmental conditions of the necropsy room. In these animals, a higher temperature in the kidneys persisted for the duration of the study. Comparative analysis between mean differences in kidney and rectal temperature in small and large dogs showed the greatest temperature amplitude in the group of small dogs, both for the kidney and the rectum. The greatest decrease in temperature, 1.2°C, was noted for the kidney in small dogs between 4 and 6 hours after death. Analysis of the dynamics of the decrease in kidney and rectal temperature for both weight groups combined, and the difference in temperature between the kidney and the rectum in the time intervals analysed showed that in the first two hours the difference between kidney and rectal temperature did not exceed 0.5°C. Two hours after death the difference in temperature between the two measurement sites was about 0.5°C after which time dropped below 0.5ºC.

scholarly journals Common metabolic constraints on dive duration in endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Hayward ◽  
Mariela Pajuelo ◽  
Catherine G. Haase ◽  
David M. Anderson ◽  
James F. Gillooly
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mass Dependence ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Dive duration in air-breathing vertebrates is thought to be constrained by the volume of oxygen stored in the body and the rate at which it is consumed (i.e., “o xygen store/usage hypothesis” ). The body mass-dependence of dive duration among endothermic vertebrates is largely supportive of this model, but previous analyses of ectothermic vertebrates show no such body mass-dependence. Here we show that dive duration in both endotherms and ectotherms largely support the oxygen store/usage hypothesis after accounting for the well-established effects of temperature on oxygen consumption rates. Analyses of the body mass and temperature dependence of dive duration in 181 species of endothermic vertebrates and 29 species of ectothermic vertebrates show that dive duration increases as a power law with body mass, and decreases exponentially with increasing temperature. Thus, in the case of ectothermic vertebrates, changes in environmental temperature will likely impact the foraging ecology of divers.

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