SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND LACTIC ACID AFTER MUSCULAR EXERCISE IN THE RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201
Author(s):  
F. A. Sréter ◽  
Sydney M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Standard Time ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Severe Exercise ◽  
Definite Correlation

Untrained young rats were exercised on a treadmill for a standard time at different speeds. A linear correlation between the intensity of the exercise and the degree of plasma [K] rise was observed. On the other hand, exercise at standard speed for varying durations was found to cause an increase in plasma [K] only during the early stages of the exercise. A fall in plasma [Na] was a constant accompaniment of exercise but no definite correlation to either intensity or duration was found. Lactic acid rose only with relatively severe exercise or with excitement. Blood sugar did not vary. Old rats responded to even mild exercise with a marked [K] shift accompanied by a well-defined rise in lactic acid.

SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND LACTIC ACID AFTER MUSCULAR EXERCISE IN THE RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Sréter ◽  
Sydney M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Standard Time ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Severe Exercise ◽  
Definite Correlation

Untrained young rats were exercised on a treadmill for a standard time at different speeds. A linear correlation between the intensity of the exercise and the degree of plasma [K] rise was observed. On the other hand, exercise at standard speed for varying durations was found to cause an increase in plasma [K] only during the early stages of the exercise. A fall in plasma [Na] was a constant accompaniment of exercise but no definite correlation to either intensity or duration was found. Lactic acid rose only with relatively severe exercise or with excitement. Blood sugar did not vary. Old rats responded to even mild exercise with a marked [K] shift accompanied by a well-defined rise in lactic acid.

scholarly journals Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilisation of oxygen.—Part XIII. The gaseous exchanges of restricted muscular exercise in man

1926 ◽  
Vol 99 (695) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Active Muscle ◽  
A Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Severe Exercise ◽  
Type Of Exercise

The type of exercise studied in former papers of this series involves the activity of the body as a whole. The characteristic of all such forms of exercise is the free and vigorous movement of nearly all the muscles in the body. Since nearly all the muscles were in activity and behaving in a similar way it was more easy to compare their behaviour with that of an isolated muscle, and in previous papers it has been shown how closely the phenomena of muscular exercise in the body as a whole resemble those accompanying severe exercise in the isolated muscle. As far as concerns the observations described in the succeeding pages, the most pertinent conclusions of the former papers are as follows: (1) Provided that the exercise was not too severe, there occurred what has been called a steady state, in which recovery balanced breakdown in a manner analogous to that shown by Fletcher to occur in isolated frog’s muscle; (2) in severe exercise a considerable proportion of the energy employed is derived, not from contemporary oxidation, but by lactic acid formation on what may be called a “credit” of oxygen secured on the oxidation occurring in the recovery process later; (3) the most severe exercise can be maintained only for about 30 seconds, which corresponds to the time when the lactic acid concentration in the active muscle, as measured by the magnitude of the oxygen debt, may reach a value of about 0·3 per cent., the maximum value found to occur in the isolated frog’s muscle.

scholarly journals Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilisation of oxygen. —Part XI. Pulse rate and oxygen intake during the early stages of recovery from severe exercise

1925 ◽  
Vol 98 (692) ◽  
pp. 468-479 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Circulation Rate ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Appreciable Change ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Severe Exercise

At the commencement of muscular exercise the oxygen intake and the pulse rate increase rapidly, but soon attain a steady value depending on the severity of the exertion. In strenuous exercise the intake of oxygen, although large, may not be sufficient to effect the oxidative removal of all the lactic acid formed, and the body goes into “oxygen debt.” During the recovery, therefore, from severe exercise, as opposed to that from mild exercise, the rate of fall of the oxygen intake is less rapid than was its rate of increase during the first minute or so of exercise. We find a condition in which the oxygen intake is determined, not by the contemporary requirement of the body in respect of the exercise which it is taking at the moment, but by a “debt” which was incurred during a previous period. At the end of several minutes of violent effort there is a considerable need of oxygen, which is not satisfied completely for a comparatively long time. Thirty seconds after the end of such exercise the need for oxygen is presumably nearly as great as it was during the exertion itself. The fall in the oxygen intake, therefore, which occurs immediately at the end of exercise is determined, not by any appreciable change in the requirement of the body for oxygen, but rather by an alteration in the mechanism by which it can be supplied. The immediate fall, in fact, of the oxygen intake must be credited largely to a change in the circulation rate of the blood, determined may be by the abrupt cessation of bodily movement, and not to any sudden alteration in the need for oxygen. During the first few moments, therefore, after exercise ends, when the oxygen requirement is still high, we may regard the oxygen intake as some measure of the circulation rate of the blood, and it is natural to compare it with the only other factor which can be continuously recorded for the circulation, namely, with the pulse rate. The simultaneous determination of the pulse rate and of the oxygen intake, during the early stages of recovery from severe exercise, has been made in the experiments to be described.

scholarly journals Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilisation of oxygen. Part IX. —Muscular activity and carbohydrate metabolism in the normal individual

1925 ◽  
Vol 98 (687) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Normal Individual ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Percent Loss ◽  
Severe Exercise

It has long been discussed what substance is primarily responsible for the provision of energy in muscular contraction. The protein hypothesis of Liebig was abandoned in his later years. It was found that the greater excretion of uric acid, or the appearance of creatinin after severe exercise, was merely due to the splitting of the components of muscular tissue, i. e ., protein is not used for the provision of energy. Chauveau (1) assumed the conversion of fat into carbohydrate and a 30 percent, loss of energy in this conversion. Chauveau’s conclusion was discussed by Zuntz (2). He put forward the assumption that the muscles, whether resting or active, utilise fat and carbohydrate in the proportion in which these are presented to them.

scholarly journals The respiratory quotient of the excess metabolism of exercise

1929 ◽  
Vol 104 (729) ◽  
pp. 119-151 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Sprint Running ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Severe Exercise

In recent years much controversy has been aroused as to whether the body uses carbohydrate alone in order to provide energy for the recovery process from muscular exercise, or whether the other foodstuffs can be used directly for this purpose. One of us (Furusawa), from a study of the respiratory quotient of the excess metabolism, concluded that carbohydrate is alone responsible for supplying the energy for short-lived exercise, while other food-stuffs must be converted into carbohydrate before they are so used by Muscle (1). This conclusion has been contested by several workers and no means of reconciling the different observations was apparent. A new factor, however, has recently been discovered, in the intensity of the exercise undertaken. This may help to explain the discordant results of the various workers on this subject. During the spring of 1927 Furusawa, Hill and Parkinson (2) made a large number of observations on the gaseous exchang of "sprint running," in order to determine the "mechanical efficiency" of this form of very severe exercise. Incidentally the results revealed a most remarkable phenomenon in respect of the respiratory quotient of the excess metabolism resulting from such exercise. Briefly stated, the excess respiratory quotient showed a wide divergency from unity (1·2 to 1·6). It has often been observed that the respiratory quotient rises above unity during or immediately after severe exercise. The assumption of the "blowing off" of CO 2 would adequately meet these cases. On the other hand the high "excess" respiratory quotient, which we will now describe, has never been described before. In fact, however, this new phenomenon appeared invariably, and as it seems now most conspicuously, in many experiments, before its existence was recognised.

Lactic and Succinic Acid Levels and Refractive Indices in the Determination of the Age of Eggs

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-616
Author(s):  
Paul Daenens ◽  
Leander Laruelle
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Aoac Method

Abstract The increase in the concentration of lactic and succinic acids during storage was measured in an attempt to determine the age of eggs. The increase in succinic acid alone is not sufficient to indicate egg age. Although lactic acid concentrations increase more rapidly, the levels are still very low, the increase is not linear, and concentrations in fresh eggs vary widely. On the other hand, refractive indices showed a nearly linear correlation with age and very little variation between eggs. These measurements are reproducible and easy to perform and, with further study, should provide an alternative to the AOAC method.

Effect of muscular exercise on plasma viscosity in correlation with postprandial triglyceridemia

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 991-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarne Konttinen ◽  
Timo Somer
Keyword(s):  
Triglyceride Level ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscular Exercise ◽  
Significant Elevation ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Lower Triglyceride Level ◽  
Fat Meal

The correlation between postprandial triglyceridemia and plasma viscosity was studied in 45 healthy young men. One-half, 23, of them carried out a heavy march lasting 2 hr while the other half, 22, rested in bed. Serum triglycerides and plasma viscosity were determined before the fat meal and 4 and 6 hr postprandially. Serum total proteins and hematocrits were measured simultaneously. Despite significantly higher postprandial triglyceridemia in the resting group no rise was seen in plasma viscosity, whereas, in the exercise group with a lower triglyceride level a significant elevation took place in plasma viscosity. serum triglycerides Submitted on February 18, 1963

scholarly journals Hardening Properties of Cheeses by Latilactobacillus curvatus PD1 Isolated from Hardened Cheese-Ddukbokki Rice Cake

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1044
Author(s):  
Jeong A Kim ◽  
Geun Su Kim ◽  
Se Mi Choi ◽  
Myeong Seon Kim ◽  
Do Young Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rice Cake ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
High Protease Activity

Hardening of cheese is one of major issues that degrade the quality of Home Meal Replacement (HMR) foods containing cheese such as Cheese-ddukbokki rice cake (CD, stir-fried rice cakes with shredded cheese). The quality of cheese, such as pH, proteolytic, and flavor properties, depends on various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in cheese fermentation. The hardening of cheese is also caused by LAB. In this study, various LAB strains were isolated from CD samples that showed rapid hardening. The correlation of LAB with the hardening of cheese was investigated. Seven of the CD samples with different manufacturing dates were collected and tested for hardening properties of cheese. Among them, strong-hardening of cheese was confirmed for two samples and weak-hardening was confirmed for one sample. All LAB in two strong-hardening samples and 40% of LAB in one weak-hardening sample were identified as Latilactobacillus curvatus. On the other hand, most LAB in normal cheese samples were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus casei. We prepared cheese samples in which L. curvatus (LC-CD) and L. mesenteroides (LM-CD) were most dominant, respectively. Each CD made of the prepared cheese was subjected to quality test for 50 days at 10 °C. Hardening of cheese with LC-CD dominant appeared at 30 days. However, hardening of cheese with LM-CD dominant did not appear until 50 days. The pH of the LC-CD was 5.18 ± 0.04 at 30 days, lower than that of LM-CD. The proteolytic activity of LC-CD sample was 2993.67 ± 246.17 units/g, higher than that of LM-CD sample (1421.67 ± 174.5 units/g). These results indicate that high acid production and high protease activity of L. curvatus might have caused hardening of cheese.

618. Host-phage relationship of cheese starter organisms: I. Interaction of phage races with a strain of Streptococcus lactis and its lysogenic and resistant derivatives

1956 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Czulak ◽  
Jill Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis ◽  
Lysogenic Culture ◽  
Relationship Of

A lysogenic culture, prepared in the laboratory from a strain of Streptococcus lactis, was used as a cheese starter in commercial factories. It was attacked in turn by two other unrelated phage races. The lysogenic condition, which involved slight morphological and physiological changes, persisted in the subsequent forms resistant to one or both the new phage races. Acquired resistance to any one of the three phages did not protect the culture from the other two phages.In nature such interactions between phage races and lactic acid bacteria must be constantly taking place, giving rise to similarly related strains.Two of the three phage races produced spreading haloes around their plaques due to a lysin released during phage action. The lysin may also interfere with the survival of secondary growth after attack by these phage races. Production of this type of lysin is thus a property of the phage race and not of the bacterial strain.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION OF THE FEEDING TO THE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-916
Author(s):  
Herbert I. Goldman ◽  
Samuel Karelitz ◽  
Hedda Acs ◽  
Eli Seifter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One hundred four healthy premature infants, of birth weight 1,000 to 1,800 gm, were fed one of five feedings: (1) human milk; (2) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride; (3) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride and 18 meq/l of potassium chloride; (4) a half-skimmed cows milk formula; and (5) a partially-skimmed vegetable oil, cows milk formula. The infants fed any of the three human milk formulas gained weight at a slower rate than the infants fed either of the two cows milk formulas. Infants whose diets were changed from unmodified human milk to the half-skimmed cows milk gained large amounts of weight, and at times were visibly edematous. Infants whose diets were changed from the human milks with added sodium chloride, to the half-skimmed cows milk, gained lesser amounts of weight and did not become edematous. The infants fed the two cows milk diets gained similar amounts of weight, although one diet provided 6.5 gm/kg/day, the other 3.1 gm/kg/day of protein.

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