THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: IV. FURTHER STUDIES ON CELLULOSE AND XYLAN IN WHEAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-6-C14, D-mannose-1-C14, D-galactose-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-6-C14, potassium D-gluconate-6-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14 were administered to wheat shoots. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a 5 hour period of metabolism. Glucose was more readily converted to cellulose and xylan than any of the other compounds tested. The distribution of C14 in the glucose and xylose isolated from the polysaccharides indicates that xylan was formed from the aldohexoses and glucuronolactone by processes involving loss of carbon-6. L-Arabinose, unlike D-xylose and D-ribose, was converted to xylan with little rearrangement of the pentose skeleton.

THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: III. FURTHER STUDIES ON FORMATION OF CELLULOSE AND XYLAN FROM LABELED MONOSACCHARIDES IN WHEAT PLANTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Altermatt ◽  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Carbon Skeleton ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose ◽  
Polysaccharide Synthesis ◽  
Diphosphate Glucose ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-2-C14, D-xylose-2-C14, D-xylose-5-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-1-C14, D-glucitol-1-C14, D-mannitol-1-C14, D-arabitol-1-C14, and D-arabitol-5-C14 were administered to wheat plants. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a period of metabolism varying from 2 to 23 hr. D-Mannitol and D-arabitol were not converted to either cellulose or xylan while D-arabinose was utilized slightly. The other compounds gave rise to both labelled cellulose and xylan. The glucose and xylose, obtained from the cellulose and xylan respectively, were degraded by fermentation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Glucose and glucuronolactone were equally good precursors of xylan and were superior to the other compounds tried. They appeared to give rise to units for xylan formation by loss of carbon-6. Free xylose was converted to xylan units only after an extensive rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, such as occurred in the conversion of xylose to cellulose units. A hypothetical outline of polysaccharide synthesis, involving uridine diphosphate glucose as the central intermediate, is suggested to explain the data.

THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: II. FORMATION OF CELLULOSE AND XYLAN FROM LABELED MONOSACCHARIDES IN WHEAT PLANTS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 658-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Route ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-allose-1-C14, D-ribose-1-C14, D-xylose-1-C14, and sedoheptulose-2-C14 were administered to Thatcher wheat plants. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a 5–48 hr. period of metabolism, and converted to glucose and xylose, respectively. The distribution of C14 in both glucose and xylose was then determined by fermentation with Lcuconostoc mesentcroides. Glucose was found to be a better precursor of both cellulose and xylan than any of the other sugars. The distribution of C14 in the products strongly suggested that the main route for synthesis of the xylose units of xylan was by removal of carbon-6 from a hexose and that pentoses were converted to xylan only through a hexose intermediate.

THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: IV. FURTHER STUDIES ON CELLULOSE AND XYLAN IN WHEAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-6-C14, D-mannose-1-C14, D-galactose-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-6-C14, potassium D-gluconate-6-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14 were administered to wheat shoots. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a 5 hour period of metabolism. Glucose was more readily converted to cellulose and xylan than any of the other compounds tested. The distribution of C14 in the glucose and xylose isolated from the polysaccharides indicates that xylan was formed from the aldohexoses and glucuronolactone by processes involving loss of carbon-6. L-Arabinose, unlike D-xylose and D-ribose, was converted to xylan with little rearrangement of the pentose skeleton.

THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: III. FURTHER STUDIES ON FORMATION OF CELLULOSE AND XYLAN FROM LABELED MONOSACCHARIDES IN WHEAT PLANTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Altermatt ◽  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Carbon Skeleton ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose ◽  
Polysaccharide Synthesis ◽  
Diphosphate Glucose ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-2-C14, D-xylose-2-C14, D-xylose-5-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-1-C14, D-glucitol-1-C14, D-mannitol-1-C14, D-arabitol-1-C14, and D-arabitol-5-C14 were administered to wheat plants. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a period of metabolism varying from 2 to 23 hr. D-Mannitol and D-arabitol were not converted to either cellulose or xylan while D-arabinose was utilized slightly. The other compounds gave rise to both labelled cellulose and xylan. The glucose and xylose, obtained from the cellulose and xylan respectively, were degraded by fermentation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Glucose and glucuronolactone were equally good precursors of xylan and were superior to the other compounds tried. They appeared to give rise to units for xylan formation by loss of carbon-6. Free xylose was converted to xylan units only after an extensive rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, such as occurred in the conversion of xylose to cellulose units. A hypothetical outline of polysaccharide synthesis, involving uridine diphosphate glucose as the central intermediate, is suggested to explain the data.

THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: II. FORMATION OF CELLULOSE AND XYLAN FROM LABELED MONOSACCHARIDES IN WHEAT PLANTS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Route ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-allose-1-C14, D-ribose-1-C14, D-xylose-1-C14, and sedoheptulose-2-C14 were administered to Thatcher wheat plants. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a 5–48 hr. period of metabolism, and converted to glucose and xylose, respectively. The distribution of C14 in both glucose and xylose was then determined by fermentation with Lcuconostoc mesentcroides. Glucose was found to be a better precursor of both cellulose and xylan than any of the other sugars. The distribution of C14 in the products strongly suggested that the main route for synthesis of the xylose units of xylan was by removal of carbon-6 from a hexose and that pentoses were converted to xylan only through a hexose intermediate.

The Structure of Sycamore Callus Cells During Division in a Partially Synchronized Suspension Culture

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-321
Author(s):  
K. ROBERTS ◽  
D. H. NORTHCOTE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Peripheral Cytoplasm

Sycamore suspension callus cells have been partially synchronized to give a culture with a mitotic index of 15%. Living dividing cells of the culture have been examined with Nomarski differential interference optics and a comparable study made on fixed cells with the electron microscope. An organized band of reticulate cytoplasm partially encircles the nucleus at mitosis. The cell divides by the formation of a phragmosome which grows across the large vacuole; this allows the organization of the cytoplasm which forms the cell plate to be examined separately from the more general cytoplasm of the cell. The cell plate grows from one side of the cell to the other and down its length a complete developmental sequence can be seen. The Golgi bodies and the endoplasmic reticulum are probably involved in the formation of material for the construction of the cell plate and young cell wall. Microfibrils are formed within the plate in the more mature regions, while material contained within vesicles is incorporated at the young growing edge. At the edge of the plate microtubules are found and these correspond to the fibrillar appearance of the phragmoplast seen with the optical microscope. In the living cell an active movement of organelles along the peripheral cytoplasm can be seen and with fixed cells viewed with the electron microscope microtubules are often found adjacent to the plasmalemma and lying close to mitochondria, crystal-containing bodies and plastids. The appearance of crystal-containing bodies and plastids containing phytoferritin is described.

scholarly journals The interaction between Histoplasma capsulatum cell wall carbohydrates and host components: relevance in the immunomodulatory role of histoplasmosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Gorocica ◽  
Maria Lucia Taylor ◽  
Noé Alvarado-Vásquez ◽  
Armando Pérez-Torres ◽  
Ricardo Lascurain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

Streptococci and enterococci

2020 ◽  
pp. 965-975
Author(s):  
Dennis L. Stevens ◽  
Sarah Hobdey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Infected Wounds ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

The term streptococcus was first used by Billroth in 1874 to describe chain-forming cocci found in infected wounds. The streptococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive pathogenic cocci that cause clinical disease in humans and domestic animals. They are traditionally classified on the basis of serological reactions, particularly Lancefield grouping based on cell-wall carbohydrates, and haemolytic activity on blood agar. Six groups can be defined by genetic analysis: pyogenic streptococci, milleri or anginosus group, mitis group, salivarius group, mutans group, and bovis group. Since the medically important members of the mitis, salivarius, and mutans groups are all oral streptococci and are of clinical relevance predominantly in endocarditis, they will be considered together in this chapter.

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