CHOLINE DEFICIENCY IN THE GUINEA PIG

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Young ◽  
C. C. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Choline Deficiency ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Young guinea pigs (4–6 days of age) fed a choline-deficient diet grew slowly and died within 3 to 4 weeks, at which time the livers showed only traces of stainable fat. Animals fed the diet supplemented with choline grew at the rate of 5.5 to 6.0 g. per day. Guinea pigs transferred from a complete diet to a choline-deficient diet after 3 to 4 weeks suffered an immediate retardation in growth but no mortality occurred (up to 6 weeks). A decrease in total body fat was noted. After 4 weeks, stainable fat was present in the liver. A small but definite increase in total liver fat occurred at 6 weeks. The guinea pig, like the chick, is unable to place the first methyl group on the ethanolamine moiety of choline, but betaine plus monomethylaminoethanol was as effective as choline in overcoming a deficiency of the latter.

CHOLINE DEFICIENCY IN THE GUINEA PIG

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Young ◽  
C. C. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Choline Deficiency ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Young guinea pigs (4–6 days of age) fed a choline-deficient diet grew slowly and died within 3 to 4 weeks, at which time the livers showed only traces of stainable fat. Animals fed the diet supplemented with choline grew at the rate of 5.5 to 6.0 g. per day. Guinea pigs transferred from a complete diet to a choline-deficient diet after 3 to 4 weeks suffered an immediate retardation in growth but no mortality occurred (up to 6 weeks). A decrease in total body fat was noted. After 4 weeks, stainable fat was present in the liver. A small but definite increase in total liver fat occurred at 6 weeks. The guinea pig, like the chick, is unable to place the first methyl group on the ethanolamine moiety of choline, but betaine plus monomethylaminoethanol was as effective as choline in overcoming a deficiency of the latter.

Subcutaneous lipectomy causes a metabolic syndrome in hamsters

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (3) ◽  
pp. R936-R943 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Weber ◽  
M. C. Buckley ◽  
S. K. Fried ◽  
J. G. Kral
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Liver Fat Content ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

The insulin resistance syndrome X is related to excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue. With lipectomy of >50% of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SQAT) in nonhibernating, adult female Syrian hamsters on high-fat (HF; 50 calorie%) diet and measurements of oral glucose tolerance, oral [14C]oleic acid disposal, serum triglycerides, serum leptin, liver fat, perirenal (PR) adipose tissue cellularity, and body composition, we studied the role of SQAT. Sham-operated (S) animals on HF or low-fat (LF; 12.5 calorie%) diets served as controls. After 3 mo there was no visible regrowth of SQAT but HF diet led to similar levels of body weight and body fat in lipectomized and sham-operated animals. Lipectomized (L) animals had more intra-abdominal fat as a percentage of total body fat, higher insulinemic index, a strong trend toward increased liver fat content, and markedly elevated serum triglycerides compared with S-HF and S-LF. Liver and PR adipose tissue uptake of fatty acid were similar in L-HF and S-HF but reduced vs. S-LF, and were inversely correlated with liver fat content and insulin sums during the oral glucose tolerance test. In summary, lipectomy of SQAT led to compensatory fat accumulation implying regulation of total body fat mass. In conjunction with HF diet these lipectomized hamsters developed a metabolic syndrome with significant hypertriglyceridemia, relative increase in intra-abdominal fat, and insulin resistance. We propose that SQAT, via disposal and storage of excess ingested energy, acts as a metabolic sink and protects against the metabolic syndrome of obesity.

Body Fat Accumulation in the Guinea Pig

1956 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grover C. Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Pig Carcasses

Seventy-two guinea pig carcasses divided into three series: a) adult, b) growth (4 days to 8 months) and c) exercise (adults on an exercise regimen) were separated into eleven gross body components by dissection. Each component was freeze dried and extracted with ethyl and petroleum ether. Distribution of fat and the fat content of the gross components were studied statistically. Accretion of fat in all three series is accomplished primarily by saturating existing adipose tissue, and secondarily by an increase in either number or size of lipocytes. Females have an appreciably larger fat storage capacity than males without resorting to either lipocyte proliferation or hypertrophy. Except in immature individuals the fraction of total body fat in subcutaneous and in internal depots is constant at all levels of body fatness. Males have 6–7% less of their total fat in the subcutaneous depot and proportionately more in the internal depots than do females. Fat depots account for about 95% of total body fat, most of the remainder being distributed among gut, bone, liver, kidneys and heart. In all three series with increasing body fatness these organs acquire additional fat, but in each case the rate of fat accretion is less than that of the body as a whole. Fat distribution to the organs appears similar in the two sexes. Body fatness in the adult series was shown to be related to specific gravity of the eviscerated carcass by the following equation: (See PDF)

scholarly journals The DGAT2 gene is a candidate for the dissociation between fatty liver and insulin resistance in humans

2009 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Kantartzis ◽  
Fausto Machicao ◽  
Jürgen Machann ◽  
Fritz Schick ◽  
Andreas Fritsche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Tomography ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

The enzyme DGAT (acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase) catalyses the final step of triacylglycerol (triglyceride) synthesis. Mice overexpressing hepatic DGAT2 fed a high-fat diet develop fatty liver, but not insulin resistance, suggesting that DGAT2 induces a dissociation between fatty liver and insulin resistance. In the present study, we investigated whether such a phenotype also exists in humans. For this purpose, we determined the relationships between genetic variability in the DGAT2 gene with changes in liver fat and insulin sensitivity in 187 extensively phenotyped subjects during a lifestyle intervention programme with diet modification and an increase in physical activity. Changes in body fat composition [MR (magnetic resonance) tomography], liver fat and intramyocellular fat (1H-MR spectroscopy) and insulin sensitivity [OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) and euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp] were determined after 9 months of intervention. A change in insulin sensitivity correlated inversely with changes in total body fat, visceral fat, intramyocellular fat and liver fat (OGTT, all P<0.05; clamp, all P≤0.03). Changes in total body fat, visceral fat and intramyocellular fat were not different between the genotypes of the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) rs10899116 C>T and rs1944438 C>T (all P≥0.39) of the DGAT2 gene. However, individuals carrying two or one copies of the minor T allele of SNP rs1944438 had a smaller decrease in liver fat (−17±10 and −24±5%; values are means±S.E.M.) compared with subjects homozygous for the C allele (−39±7%; P=0.008). In contrast, changes in insulin sensitivity were not different among the genotypes (OGTT, P=0.76; clamp, P=0.53). In conclusion, our findings suggest that DGAT2 mediates the dissociation between fatty liver and insulin resistance in humans. This finding may be important in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes in subjects with fatty liver.

Total body fat content and fat topography are associated differently with in vivo glucose metabolism in nonobese and obese nondiabetic women

Diabetes ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bonora ◽  
S. Del Prato ◽  
R. C. Bonadonna ◽  
G. Gulli ◽  
A. Solini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Leptin: a significant indicator of total body fat but not of visceral fat and insulin insensitivity in African-American women

Diabetes ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1635-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dua ◽  
M. I. Hennes ◽  
R. G. Hoffmann ◽  
D. L. Maas ◽  
G. R. Krakower ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
American Women ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Insulin Insensitivity

scholarly journals Ethnic and sex differences in visceral, subcutaneous, and total body fat in children and adolescents

Obesity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1251-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Staiano ◽  
S. T. Broyles ◽  
A. K. Gupta ◽  
P. T. Katzmarzyk
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

scholarly journals Total body fat, abdominal fat, body fat distribution and surrogate markers for health related to adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Dencker ◽  
Anton Danielson ◽  
Magnus K. Karlsson ◽  
Per Wollmer ◽  
Lars B. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Protein ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

AbstractBackground:The aim of the study was to assess possible relationships between adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) and total body fat (TBF), abdominal fat, body fat distribution, aerobic fitness, blood pressure, cardiac dimensions and the increase in body fat over 2 years in a community sample of children.Methods:A cross-sectional study was used in a community sample of 170 (92 boys and 78 girls) children aged 8–11 years. TBF and abdominal fat (AFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). TBF was also expressed as percentage of total body mass (BF%), and body fat distribution was calculated as AFM/TBF. Maximal oxygen uptake (VOResults:Partial correlations, with adjustment for sex, between FABP4 vs. ln TBF, ln BF%, ln AFM, AFM/TBF and VOConclusions:Findings from this community-based cohort of young children show that increased body fat and abdominal fat, more abdominal body fat distribution, low fitness, more LVM and increased LA, increased SBP and PP were all associated with increased levels of FABP4. Increase in TBF and abdominal fat over 2 years were also associated with increased levels of FABP4.

The regulation of total body fat: lessons learned from lipectomy studies

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Margaret Mauer ◽  
Ruth B.S. Harris ◽  
Timothy J. Bartness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body
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