The effects of paclobutrazol, abscisic acid, and gibberellin on germination and early growth in silver, red, and hybrid maple

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Marshall ◽  
Tannis Beardmore ◽  
Carry Anne Whittle ◽  
Ben Wang ◽  
Robert G Rutledge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Brief Treatment ◽  
Biochemical Method ◽  
Recalcitrant Seed ◽  
Silver Maple

Silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) seeds were used to examine the mechanisms regulating recalcitrant seed germination aiming towards the development of a biochemical method to temporarily inhibit germination without refrigeration. Treatment of fresh silver maple seeds with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor paclobutrazol delayed germination and reduced root and shoot extension. The inhibitory effect of paclobutrazol plus abscisic acid (ABA) on the shoots of silver maple could not be overcome by a brief treatment with gibberellic acid A3 (GA3). Red maple seeds (Acer rubrum L.) were almost completely inhibited by the treatment with paclobutrazol alone, and this inhibition could not be overcome by a brief treatment with GA3. In the red × silver hybrid, root growth was little affected by paclobutrazol plus ABA; however, shoot growth was markedly inhibited by paclobutrazol, and this inhibition was sharply increased by the combination with ABA but partially alleviated by GA3. Treating fresh silver maple seeds with paclobutrazol for 12 h followed by storage under ideal germination conditions, in the presence of 1 mM ABA, completely prevented germination for 1 week. Root extension was completely restored by the continuous provision of GA3 along with the ABA.

scholarly journals Water Requirements of Five Container-Grown Acer Species

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-175
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Roberts ◽  
Virginia M. Schnipke
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Slow Growing

Relative water demand, RWD, of 2-year-old containerized seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), sugar maple (A. saccharum Marsh.), silver maple (A. saccharinum L.), Norway Maple (A. platanoides L.) and boxelder (A. negundo L.) was determined by comparing potential evapotranspiration rates and actual water consumption values with growth rates for each species. Based on differences in growth rate, each species was determined to be either fast growing (red maple, silver maple, boxelder) or slow growing (sugar maple, Norway maple). Fast growing species used the most water over the 3-month experimental period (June-August), and had the higher RWD. The actual irrigation demand for each species was closely correlated with monthly potential evapotranspiration rates as determined by the Thornthwaite equation.

scholarly journals Growth of Three Shade Tree Genera as Influenced by Irrigation and Nitrogen Rates

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
R.D. Wright ◽  
E.B. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The influence of N rates and irrigation on shoot growth and trunk diameter were evaluated for red maple (Acer rubrum, L. ‘October Glory’), pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh) and dogwood (Cornus florida L. ‘Barton’). Irrigation increased shoot growth and trunk diameter for all 3 species during the first 2 growing seasons. Tree height and trunk diameter at the end of the third growing season were also greater for irrigated trees. Increasing the N levels from 168 to 329 Kg N/ha (150 to 300 lb N/A) resulted in a decrease in trunk diameter the first year and a decrease in shoot growth the second year in ‘October Glory’ maple. No significant differences in oak growth due to N rate were observed. Shoot growth and trunk diameter for dogwood were greater at 329 kg N/ha (300 lb N/A) than at 168 kg N/ha (150 lb N/A) only the first year. Neither height or trunk diameter at end of the third year were significantly increased from applying the higher level of N for any of the genera.

scholarly journals Development and characterization of species-diagnostic ISSR and SCAR DNA markers for differentiating red maple (Acer rubrum) and silver maple (A. saccharinum)

Genome ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meagan Boyd ◽  
Mary Anne Panoyan ◽  
Paul Michael ◽  
Kabwe K. Nkongolo
Keyword(s):  
Dna Markers ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Issr Marker ◽  
Scar Markers ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Marker System ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Issr Primers

Red maple (Acer rubrum) and silver maple (A. saccharinum) are sister species that readily hybridize in nature. No genetic or barcoding markers have been tested in these species. The main objective of the present study is to develop and characterize molecular markers for distinguishing A. rubrum and A. saccharinum and to validate the hybridity of A. freemanii derived from their crossings using the ISSR marker system. Thirteen A. rubrum and seven A. saccharinum populations were used. Four ISSR primers including ISSR 5, ISSR 8, ISSR 10, and ISSR UBC 825 were selected to amplify genomic DNA from the two species and their hybrids. Each primer generated at least one species-diagnostic ISSR marker for a total of six. Analysis of A. freemanii collected from North Dakota (USA) confirmed that the genotypes screened were true hybrids between A. rubrum and A. saccharinum. These markers were cloned and sequenced. Successful sequences were converted to SCAR markers using specifically designed primers. Overall, the developed diagnostic and specific ISSR and SCAR markers are useful in the certification of these two maple species and their hybrids. They can be used in tracking the introgression of A. rubrum and A. saccharinum DNA in other hybrid trees or populations.

scholarly journals Use of Single-Primer DNA Amplifications for the Identification of Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.) Cultivars

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Kimberly H. Krahl ◽  
Michael A. Dirr ◽  
Tracy M. Halward ◽  
Gary D. Kochert ◽  
William M. Randle
Keyword(s):  
Dna Markers ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Cultivar Identification ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Single Primer

Abstract Positive cultivar identification is often difficult or impossible based solely on morphological traits. A technique ensuring reliable, repeatable, and unique cultivar identification is needed. The use of molecular markers offers such a technique, allowing assessment of fine levels of variation directly at the DNA level. In this study, RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers were investigated for their utility to identify red maple cultivars. Three out of nineteen primers tested resulted in unique banding patterns for all the maples tested, including 9 red maple clones, 5 silver maple seedlings, and 4 purported interspecific cultivars. The red maple cultivars ‘Red Sunset’ and ‘October Glory’, which are almost indistinguishable morphologically as young trees, were clearly distinguished using RAPD markers. RAPD markers provide a consistently reliable technique for red maple cultivar identification.

scholarly journals Stomatal Control by Both Abscisic Acid in the Bulk Leaf Tissue and Leaf Environment: A Test of a Model of Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Environment Coupled with an Abscisic Acid-based Model

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 855B-855
Author(s):  
William L. Bauerle* ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Multiplicative Model ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Red Maple

A multiplicative model of stomatal conductance was developed and tested in two functionally distinct ecotypes of Acer rubrum L. (red maple). The model overcomes the main limitation of the commonly used Ball-Berry model by accounting for stomatal behavior under soil drying conditions. It combined the Ball-Berry model with an integrated expression of abscisic acid-based control mechanisms (gfac). The factor gfac = exp(-β[ABA]L) incorporated the stomatal response to abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the bulk leaf tissue [ABA]L into the Ball-Berry model by down-regulating the slope and coupled physiological changes at the leaf level with those of the root. The stomatal conductance (gs) down regulation is pertinent in situations where soil drying may modify the delivery of chemical signals to leaf stomates. Model testing results indicated that the multiplicative model was capable of predicting stomatal conductance under wide ranges of soil and atmospheric conditions in a woody perennial. Concordance correlation coefficients (rc) were high (between 0.59 and 0.94) for the tested ecotypes under three different environmental conditions (aerial, distal, and minimal stress). The study supported the use of the gfac factor as a gas exchange function that controlled water stress effects on gs and aided in the prediction of gs responses.

scholarly journals Abscisic Acid Synthesis in Acer rubrum L. Leaves—A Vapor-pressure-deficit-mediated Response

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Bauerle ◽  
T.H. Whitlow ◽  
T.L. Setter ◽  
F.M. Vermeylen
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Ecotypic Variation ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Quantitative differences in leaf abscisic acid (ABA) among Acer rubrum L. (red maple) ecotypes were investigated. This study tested the hypothesis that seedlings from wet and dry maternal sites display distinctly different capacities to synthesize ABA in response to atmospheric vapor pressure deficits. The increased levels of ABA in leaf tissue in the red maple ecotypes were associated with atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Leaves on well-watered plants responded to VPD by increasing their ABA levels and reducing their photosynthesis (Anet) and stomatal conductance (gs). Both ecotypes appear to accumulate ABA at about the same rate as VPD increased. Despite the similar accumulation rates between ecotypes, wet site ecotypes consistently had a higher level of ABA present in leaf tissue under both low and high VPD conditions. Furthermore, wet site provenances appear to reduce Anet and gs in response to ABA accumulation, whereas dry sites do not present as clear an ABA/gs relationship. This study shows variation between wet and dry site red maple populations in physiological response to atmospheric vapor pressure deficits, indicating that natural ecotypic variation in stomatal responsiveness to air humidity is likely mediated by ABA accumulation in leaf tissue. This research demonstrates that ecotypes of red maple may be selected for atmospheric drought tolerance based on site moisture conditions.

scholarly journals Growth and Fall Color of Red Maple Selections in the Southeastern United States

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
William A. Dozier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Height Increase

Abstract Nine red maple (Acer rubrum L.) cultivars (‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Fairview Flame’, ‘Franksred’, ‘Karpick’, ‘Northwood’, ‘October Glory’, ‘Redskin’, ‘Schlesingeri’, and ‘Tilford’), three Freeman maple (Acer × freemanii, interspecific cross between red maple and silver maple) cultivars (‘Autumn Blaze’, ‘Morgan’, and ‘Scarsen’), and a group of A. rubrum seedlings were evaluated in a field study with trickle irrigation for growth rates and fall color. ‘Autumn Blaze’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Scarsen’, and ‘Autumn Flame’ increased the most in height and diameter annually. Height increase was least for ‘Northwood’. ‘Northwood’ and ‘Karpick’ increased least in diameter annually. Considerable variation in initiation, peak, and duration of fall color, and time of defoliation were evident among cultivars. ‘Fairview Flame’ and ‘October Glory’ exhibited superior fall color while ‘Northwood’, ‘Morgan’, and ‘Redskin’ had poor fall color.

scholarly journals (141) Leaf Abscisic Acid Accumulation in Response to Substrate Water Content: Variation Among Acer rubrum L. Genotypes

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057D-1057
Author(s):  
William L. Bauerle ◽  
William W. Inman ◽  
Jerry B. Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Flow Measurements

Quantitative differences in leaf abscisic acid (ABAL) among four cultivars of red (Acer rubrum L.) and one Freeman maple (Acer × freemanii E. Murray) were investigated. This study tested the hypothesis that ABAL concentration can be used to compare the effects of water stress on the gas exchange response of five different maple cultivars, including four red maple genotypes, `Summer Red', `October Glory', `Autumn Flame', and `Franksred' (Red Sunset), as well as one hybridized Freeman maple genotype, `Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze). Cloned genotypes of red and Freeman maple were subjected to two treatments: 1) irrigated daily to container capacity or 2) irrigation withheld for one drought and recovery cycle. Leaf abscisic acid concentration, gas exchange, and whole-tree sap flow measurements were conducted under both conditions. Over the course of the drought stress and recovery phase, net photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E) declined as ABAL and instantaneous water use efficiency (A/gs) increased. This study found that ABAL tracked gs and that stomatal responsiveness to substrate moisture deficit is likely mediated by ABA accumulation in leaf tissue. This research demonstrates a leaf-level physiological response to substrate volumetric water content that appears to depend on ABAL concentration. In addition, the evidence in this study indicates that ABAL may be used as a potential surrogate for the gs response to substrate water stress and could become part of a cultivar drought tolerance selection strategy for red and Freeman maple.

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